Physics home > Nanophysics & Soft Matter > Publications
Site Index

pagetitle-crest Publications

We are currently in the process of updating our publications list. What follows is not yet the exhaustive listing.
Please use the search box to find specific authors or to limit the references displayed to a particular year or a range of years (i.e. "200[1-8]").



QuickSearch:   Number of matching entries: 0.


AuthorTitleYearJournal/ProceedingsDOI/URL
Adams, H., Albeniz, A.C., Bailey, N.A., Bruce, D.W., Cherodian, A.S., Dhillon, R., Dunmur, D.A., Espinet, P., Feijoo, J.L., Lalinde, E., Maitlis, P.M., Richardson, R.M. & Ungar, G. Synthesis and Phase-Behavior of Mesomorphic Transition-Metal Complexes of Alkoxydithiobenzoates - Crystal and Molecular-Structure of 3 Metal Alkoxydithiobenzoates 1991 Journal of Materials Chemistry
Vol. 1(5), pp. 843-855 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Adams1991,
  author = {Adams, H. and Albeniz, A. C. and Bailey, N. A. and Bruce, D. W. and Cherodian, A. S. and Dhillon, R. and Dunmur, D. A. and Espinet, P. and Feijoo, J. L. and Lalinde, E. and Maitlis, P. M. and Richardson, R. M. and Ungar, G.},
  title = {Synthesis and Phase-Behavior of Mesomorphic Transition-Metal Complexes of Alkoxydithiobenzoates - Crystal and Molecular-Structure of 3 Metal Alkoxydithiobenzoates},
  journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {1},
  number = {5},
  pages = {843-855}
}
Adhimoolam, B., Hekelaar, M.G., Gross, P., Lindsay, I.D. & Boller, K.J. Wavelength-tunable short-pulse diode-laser fiber-amplifier system around 1.06 mu m 2006 IEEE Photonic. Tech. L.
Vol. 18(5-8), pp. 838-840 
article  
Abstract: We report the first actively mode-locked diode-laser fiber-amplifier system with wide wavelength tuning around 1.06 mu m. Tuning is achieved over 45 nm via a feedback grating. Pulses with a repetition rate of 1.4 GHz and a pulse duration of 30 ps are generated with tip to 9.5 W of average output power.
BibTeX:
@article{Adhimoolam2006b,
  author = {Adhimoolam, B. and Hekelaar, M. G. and Gross, P. and Lindsay, I. D. and Boller, K. J.},
  title = {Wavelength-tunable short-pulse diode-laser fiber-amplifier system around 1.06 mu m},
  journal = {IEEE Photonic. Tech. L.},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {18},
  number = {5-8},
  pages = {838-840}
}
Adhimoolam, B., Klein, M.E., Lindsay, I.D., Gross, P., Lee, C.J. & Boller, K.J. Widely and rapidly tunable semiconductor master oscillator-fiber amplifier around 1080nm 2006 IEEE Photonic. Tech. L.
Vol. 18(24), pp. 2683-2685 
article  
Abstract: We describe the wide and rapid wavelength tuning of a continuous-wave (cw) master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) system consisting of a semiconductor amplifier based oscillator and an ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier. The oscillator utilizes an acousto-optic tunable filter and an intra-cavity etalon to achieve wavelength tuning of 36nm in 5ms. The 50mW output from the master oscillator was amplified to over 9W in an ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier
BibTeX:
@article{Adhimoolam2006a,
  author = {Adhimoolam, B. and Klein, M. E. and Lindsay, I. D. and Gross, P. and Lee, C. J. and Boller, K. J.},
  title = {Widely and rapidly tunable semiconductor master oscillator-fiber amplifier around 1080nm},
  journal = {IEEE Photonic. Tech. L.},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {18},
  number = {24},
  pages = {2683-2685}
}
Adhimoolam, B., Lindsay, I.D., Lee, C.J., Gross, P., Boller, K.J. & Klein, M.E. Spectral shaping of a 10 W diode laser-Yb-fiber amplifier system 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum.
Vol. 77(9), pp. 093101 
article  
Abstract: We describe a continuous-wave master-oscillator power-amplifier system based on a distributed Bragg reflection diode laser and an Yb doped fiber amplifier. The observed optical spectrum of the amplified seed source can be tailored to arbitrary shapes and widths between 30 MHz and greater than 1 GHz by controlling the radio frequency modulation wave form of the injection current. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Adhimoolam2006,
  author = {Adhimoolam, B. and Lindsay, I. D. and Lee, C. J. and Gross, P. and Boller, K. J. and Klein, M. E.},
  title = {Spectral shaping of a 10 W diode laser-Yb-fiber amplifier system},
  journal = {Rev. Sci. Instrum.},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {77},
  number = {9},
  pages = {093101},
  note = {093101}
}
Agina, E.V., Boiko, N.I., Richardson, R.M., Ostrovskii, B.I., Shibaev, V.P., Rebrov, E.A. & Muzafarov, A.M. Synthesis, structure, and phase behavior of carbosilane LC dendrimers with terminal butoxyphenylbenzoate mesogenic groups 2007 Polymer Science Series A
Vol. 49(4), pp. 412-424 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Agina2007,
  author = {Agina, E. V. and Boiko, N. I. and Richardson, R. M. and Ostrovskii, B. I. and Shibaev, V. P. and Rebrov, E. A. and Muzafarov, A. M.},
  title = {Synthesis, structure, and phase behavior of carbosilane LC dendrimers with terminal butoxyphenylbenzoate mesogenic groups},
  journal = {Polymer Science Series A},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {412-424}
}
Allman, J.M., Richardson, R.M., Chan, L.K.M., Gray, G.W. & Lacey, D. X-Ray-Diffraction Studies on Cis-4'-Cyanobiphenyl-4-Yl and Trans-4'-Cyanobiphenyl-4-Yl 3-Normal-Propylcyclobutane-1-Carboxylate 1989 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 6(1), pp. 31-38 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Allman1989,
  author = {Allman, J. M. and Richardson, R. M. and Chan, L. K. M. and Gray, G. W. and Lacey, D.},
  title = {X-Ray-Diffraction Studies on Cis-4'-Cyanobiphenyl-4-Yl and Trans-4'-Cyanobiphenyl-4-Yl 3-Normal-Propylcyclobutane-1-Carboxylate},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31-38}
}
Antognozzi, M., Binger, D.R., Humphris, A.D.L., James, P.J. & Miles, M.J. Modeling of cylindrically tapered cantilevers for transverse dynamic force microscopy (TDFM) 2001 Ultramicroscopy
Vol. 86(1-2), pp. 223-232 
article URL 
Abstract: In transverse dynamic force microscopy a cylindrically tapered cantilever is mounted perpendicularly to the sample

surface and set into transversal oscillation. The dynamics of the cantilever has been studied using the continuum

mechanical model with discrete element analysis. A viscoelastic model has been used to describe the tip±sample

interaction. In this way an in-phase and an out-of-phase component of the force has been extracted from the

experimental data. Two different techniques, involving two experimental setups and two corresponding data analysis

routines, have been developed to calculate the two components of the force at different tip±sample separations. In one

case the change in resonant frequency and corresponding oscillation amplitude is measured whereas in the second case

the usual way of recording amplitude and phase signal at a ®xed driving frequency is applied. The results from these two

methods are shown to be completely consistent and produce almost identical force curves. # 2001 Elsevier Science

B.V. All rights reserved.

BibTeX:
@article{Antognozzi2001a,
  author = {Antognozzi, M. and Binger, D. R. and Humphris, A. D. L. and James, P. J. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Modeling of cylindrically tapered cantilevers for transverse dynamic force microscopy (TDFM)},
  journal = {Ultramicroscopy},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {86},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {223--232},
  note = {TDFM - modelling of a tapered probe, the key finding is that you can separate the elastic and viscous components of the tip-sample interaction force},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TW1-42813J1-11/2/716e02cc48da3f89e8d998a9d211168b}
}
Antognozzi, M., Haschke, H. & Miles, M.J. A new method to measure the oscillation of a cylindrical cantilever: ``The laser reflection detection system'' 2000 Review of Scientific Instruments
Vol. 71(4), pp. 1689-1694 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: A new optical detection system for measuring the oscillation of cylindrical cantilevers has been

designed. A laser beam is directed perpendicularly to the oscillating plane and is focused on the

curved surface of the vibrating probe. The surface reflects the light and a second lens refocuses it

onto a two-segment photodiode. The sensitivity of this method lies in the fact that a small

displacement of the probe produces a large angular deflection of the reflected laser. Applications of

this new system are presented in order to demonstrate its reliability, accuracy, sensitivity, and the

possible use in a shear force microscope. All the results are finally analyzed by modeling the motion

of the cantilevers using harmonic oscillator theory and the continuous model for oscillating bars.

The agreement between experimental data and models is well inside the experimental errors

confirming the possibility of using this system to accurately study the dynamics of cylindrical

cantilevers.

BibTeX:
@article{Antognozzi2000,
  author = {M. Antognozzi and H. Haschke and M. J. Miles},
  title = {A new method to measure the oscillation of a cylindrical cantilever: ``The laser reflection detection system''},
  journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
  publisher = {AIP},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {71},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1689-1694},
  note = {TDFM - A comprehensive overview of how the reflection detection method works, including how to set it up, how to calibrate the sensitiivity and to calculate the oscillation amplitude},
  url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?RSI/71/1689/1},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150520}
}
Antognozzi, M., Humphris, A.D.L. & Miles, M.J. Observation of molecular layering in a confined water film and study of the layers viscoelastic properties 2001 Applied Physics Letters
Vol. 78(3), pp. 300-302 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: A transverse dynamic force microscope, more commonly known as shear force microscope, has

been used to investigate con?ned water ?lms under shear. A cylindrically tapered glass probe was

mounted perpendicularly to the sample surface. Pure water was con?ned between the probe and a

freshly cleaved mica surface and a sinusoidal shear strain was applied by setting the probe into

transverse oscillation. Repeated measurements of the probe oscillation amplitude and relative phase

lag, at different tip-sample separations, exhibited a clear step-like behavior. The periodicity,

recorded over several curves, ranged between 2.4 and 2.9 Å, which is similar to the diameter of the

water molecule. The in-phase ~elastic! and the out-of-phase ~viscous! stress response of the con?ned

water ?lm was evaluated ~from the experimental data! by assuming a linear viscoelastic behavior.

Finally, by modeling the water ?lm with the Maxwell mechanical model, the values for the shear

viscosity and shear rigidity were obtained. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

@DOI: 10.1063/1.1339997#

BibTeX:
@article{Antognozzi2001,
  author = {M. Antognozzi and A. D. L. Humphris and M. J. Miles},
  title = {Observation of molecular layering in a confined water film and study of the layers viscoelastic properties},
  journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
  publisher = {AIP},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {78},
  number = {3},
  pages = {300-302},
  url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/78/300/1},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1339997}
}
Antognozzi, M., Szczelkun, M.D., Humphris, A.D.L. & Miles, M.J. Increasing shear force microscopy scanning rate using active quality-factor control 2003 Applied Physics Letters
Vol. 82(17), pp. 2761-2763 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: The use of an active quality-factor control device has been demonstrated to increase the scanning

rate of a shear force microscope by lowering the quality factor of the oscillating probe. Shear force

microscopy ~often used in combination with scanning near-?eld optical microscopy! requires slow

scanning rates due to the long (.1 ms) time constant of the oscillating element ~optical ?ber or

tuning fork!. By electronically reducing the quality factor of the probe, it was possible to tune the

time constant and correspondingly reduce the overall scanning time by a factor of 4. It was also seen

that probes with high quality factors could manifest an unstable behavior; by reducing the quality

factor of the probe, it was possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and so improve the imaging

resolution. Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules deposited onto mica and imaged in air were used to

demonstrate the technique. © 2003 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1571233#

BibTeX:
@article{Antognozzi2003,
  author = {M. Antognozzi and M. D. Szczelkun and A. D. L. Humphris and M. J. Miles},
  title = {Increasing shear force microscopy scanning rate using active quality-factor control},
  journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
  publisher = {AIP},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {82},
  number = {17},
  pages = {2761-2763},
  url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/82/2761/1},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1571233}
}
Antognozzi, M., Szczelkun, M.D., Round, A.N. & Miles, M.J. Comparison Between Shear Force and Tapping Mode AFM - High Resolution Imaging of DNA 2002 Single Molecules
Vol. 3(2-3), pp. 105-110 
article URL 
Abstract: An improved shear force microscope (ShFM) is presented, where the oscillation of the probe can be excited and quantitatively detected in two orthogonal directions in the sample plane. This set-up allows a complete control of the dynamic behaviour of the probe that is necessary in order to obtain reproducible results. Increasing evidence has been collected confirming that the shear force mechanism is due to the water layer confined between the tip and the sample and that, therefore, ShFM is a true non-contact technique. To confirm the reduced tip-sample interaction with respect to conventional scanning probe techniques, the height and the width of more than 100 double stranded DNA fragments (4.3 kbp) were measured in air using different ShFM probes. The measurements were then compared with tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) on a similar number of DNA fragments. From the statistical analysis of the data consistently higher profiles were obtained using ShFM: (1.1 ± 0.2) nm instead of (0.6 ± 0.1) nm that is the expected DNA height when using TMAFM in air. When acquiring high resolution images of DNA, the lower force of interaction of the shear force technique allowed the observation of a higher order periodic structure, which may reflect a conformational aspect of DNA peculiar to its interaction with mica. By improving the shear force technique, we have shown that important intrinsic advantages, such as non-contact interaction, can be fully exploited and the ShFM can become a very useful tool in the study of biomolecules.
BibTeX:
@article{Antognozzi2002,
  author = {Antognozzi, Massimo and Szczelkun, Mark D. and Round, Andrew N. and Miles, Mervyn J.},
  title = {Comparison Between Shear Force and Tapping Mode AFM - High Resolution Imaging of DNA},
  journal = {Single Molecules},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {105--110},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1438-5171(200206)3:2/3<105::AID-SIMO105>3.0.CO;2-#}
}
Antognozzi, M., Ulcinas, A., Picco, L., Simpson, S.H., Heard, P.J., Szczelkun, M.D., Brenner, B. & Miles, M.J. A new detection system for extremely small vertically mounted cantilevers 2008 Nanotechnology
Vol. 19(38), pp. 384002 (10pp) 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Detection techniques currently used in scanning force microscopy impose limitations on the geometrical dimensions of the probes and, as a consequence, on their force sensitivity and temporal response. A new technique, based on scattered evanescent electromagnetic waves (SEW), is presented here that can detect the displacement of the extreme end of a vertically mounted cantilever. The resolution of this method is tested using different cantilever sizes and a theoretical model is developed to maximize the detection sensitivity. The applications presented here clearly show that the SEW detection system enables the use of force sensors with sub-micron size, opening new possibilities in the investigation of biomolecular systems and high speed imaging. Two types of cantilevers were successfully tested: a high force sensitivity lever with a spring constant of 0.17~pN~nm[?]1 and a resonant frequency of 32~kHz; and a high speed lever with a spring constant of 50~pN~nm[?]1 and a resonant frequency of 1.8~MHz. Both these force sensors were fabricated by modifying commercial microcantilevers in a focused ion beam system. It is important to emphasize that these modified cantilevers could not be detected by the conventional optical detection system used in commercial atomic force microscopes.
BibTeX:
@article{Antognozzi2008,
  author = {M Antognozzi and A Ulcinas and L Picco and S H Simpson and P J Heard and M D Szczelkun and B Brenner and M J Miles},
  title = {A new detection system for extremely small vertically mounted cantilevers},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {19},
  number = {38},
  pages = {384002 (10pp)},
  url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0957-4484/19/384002},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/38/384002}
}
Antognozzi, M., Wotherspoon, A., Hayes, J.M., Miles, M.J., Szczelkun, M.D. & Valdre, G. A chlorite mineral surface actively drives the deposition of DNA molecules in stretched conformations 2006 Nanotechnology
Vol. 17(15), pp. 3897-3902 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Muscovite mica is commonly used to immobilize DNA molecules onto a flat surface. This method, however, requires either the use of divalent cations in the buffer solution or the chemical modification of the surface. Here we show that DNA molecules have different binding affinities and assume different conformations when adsorbed to different layered minerals. In particular, the effect of biotite, muscovite, talc, brucite and chlorite upon DNA binding is investigated. Using atomic force microscopy it is possible to quantify the amount of DNA deposited onto a flat surface and it is experimentally confirmed that biotite, talc and brucite have a much higher affinity than muscovite (7-, 20-~and 25-fold more volume of DNA deposited, respectively). The deposition of DNA onto chlorite presents areas (brucite-like) with high DNA coverage and areas (mica-like) where DNA molecules are absent. We regularly observed isolated DNA molecules that became stretched across these regions of low affinity. The stretching is not induced by the deposition procedure but is driven by the surface potential gradient between brucite-like and mica-like regions in chlorite. The active stretching of DNA on chlorite is a clear indication of the technological potential carried by these materials when used as substrates for biomolecules.
BibTeX:
@article{Antognozzi2006,
  author = {Massimo Antognozzi and Alex Wotherspoon and Jonathan M Hayes and Mervyn J Miles and Mark D Szczelkun and Giovanni Valdre},
  title = {A chlorite mineral surface actively drives the deposition of DNA molecules in stretched conformations},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {17},
  number = {15},
  pages = {3897-3902},
  url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0957-4484/17/3897},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/15/047}
}
Atkinson, P.J., Dickinson, E., Horne, D.S., Leermakers, F.A.M. & Richardson, R.M. Theoretical and experimental investigations of adsorbed protein structure at a fluid interface 1996 Berichte Der Bunsen-Gesellschaft-Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Vol. 100(6), pp. 994-998 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Atkinson1996,
  author = {Atkinson, P. J. and Dickinson, E. and Horne, D. S. and Leermakers, F. A. M. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Theoretical and experimental investigations of adsorbed protein structure at a fluid interface},
  journal = {Berichte Der Bunsen-Gesellschaft-Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {100},
  number = {6},
  pages = {994-998}
}
Atkinson, P.J., Dickinson, E., Horne, D.S. & Richardson, R.M. Neutron Reflectivity of Adsorbed Beta-Casein and Beta-Lactoglobulin at the Air/Water Interface 1995 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions
Vol. 91(17), pp. 2847-2854 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Atkinson1995,
  author = {Atkinson, P. J. and Dickinson, E. and Horne, D. S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Neutron Reflectivity of Adsorbed Beta-Casein and Beta-Lactoglobulin at the Air/Water Interface},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {91},
  number = {17},
  pages = {2847-2854}
}
Atkinson, P.J., Dickinson, E., Horne, D.S. & Richardson, R.M. Neutron reflectivity of adsorbed protein films 1995
Vol. 602Proteins at Interfaces Ii, pp. 311-320 
incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Atkinson1995a,
  author = {Atkinson, P. J. and Dickinson, E. and Horne, D. S. and Richardson,R. M.},
  title = {Neutron reflectivity of adsorbed protein films},
  booktitle = {Proteins at Interfaces Ii},
  publisher = {Acs Symposium Series},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {602},
  pages = {311-320}
}
Baker, A.A., Helbert, W., Sugiyama, J. & Miles, M.J. New insight into cellulose structure by atomic force microscopy shows the I-alpha crystal phase at near-atomic resolution 2000 Biophysical Journal
Vol. 79(2), pp. 1139-1145 
article  
Abstract: The organization of the surface of cellulose is important in cell structure, as well as in industrial processing and modification. Using atomic force microscopy, we show that the I-alpha phase of native cellulose first proposed in 1984 and subsequently characterized by a triclinic unit cell exists over large areas of the surface of microcrystals from Valonia, one of the most highly crystalline celluloses. There is startling agreement between the observed structure and crystal models, and it is possible to identify the specific crystal face being imaged. The near-atomic resolution images also offer an insight into structural reconstructions at the surface compared to the interior. We are able to assign features in the images to particular side groups attached to the glucose ring and find indications of subtle modifications of the position of surface hydroxyls due to changes in hydrogen bonding.
BibTeX:
@article{Baker2000,
  author = {Baker, A. A. and Helbert, W. and Sugiyama, J. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {New insight into cellulose structure by atomic force microscopy shows the I-alpha crystal phase at near-atomic resolution},
  journal = {Biophysical Journal},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {79},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1139--1145}
}
Baker, A.A., Helbert, W., Sugiyama, J. & Miles, M.J. High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy of Native Valonia Cellulose I Microcrystals 1997 Journal of Structural Biology
Vol. 119(2), pp. 129 - 138 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: We have studied the surface of nativeValoniacellulose I microcrystals under propanol and waterby atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ultra-high-resolution images of the surface are presented, as well as lower resolution morphological observations of whole crystals. The pitch of 0.52 nm along the molecule due to the asymmetrical glucose unit and the intermolecular spacing of [approximate]0.6 nm are clearly resolved in both imaging environments. The relationship between the crystalline bulk and the surface are discussed, with particular attention being paid to previous crystallographic studies. We also show that the glucose units along the cellulose chains are not topographically equivalent due to the twofold screw symmetry and accordingly present strong evidence of triclinic character by direct surface imaging, rather than by taking average measurements in reciprocal space. The crystallographic distinction between monoclinic and triclinic structure is a displacement of the cellulose chains by a quarter of thecaxis period, resulting in either a stagger or a diagonal shifting, respectively, of the cellobiose unit along the chain axis by 0.26 nm. This structural identification (in real space) represents, as far as we are aware, the highest resolution AFM imaging of a biological specimen to date. This study opens up the future possibility of identifying the localized triclinic or monoclinic nature of theValoniacellulose surface with AFM.
BibTeX:
@article{Baker1997,
  author = {Andrew A. Baker and William Helbert and Junji Sugiyama and Mervyn J. Miles},
  title = {High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy of Native Valonia Cellulose I Microcrystals},
  journal = {Journal of Structural Biology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {119},
  number = {2},
  pages = {129 - 138},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WM5-45K13XY-1M/2/7e31d53f31e2e6129508bc72b0d670b9},
  doi = {DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1997.3866}
}
Baker, A.A., Miles, M.J. & Helbert, W. Internal structure of the starch granule revealed by AFM 2001 Carbohydrate Research
Vol. 330(2), pp. 249-256 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy images of sectioned native corn starch granules show evidence of the well-known radial organisation of the starch macromolecules, with the less-ordered hilum region near to the centre. Native granules show blocks 400-500 nm ill size that span the growth rings. Lintnerised starch granules, where a mild acid hydrolysis has been used to remove the amorphous and less crystalline parts of the granule, clearly show smaller 'blocklets' within the rings approximately 10-30 nm in size. This level of organisation within the growth rings corresponds to the blocklet or superhelix structures that have been proposed in the literature for the association or clustering of amylopectin helices. Mechanical property imaging techniques have provided enhanced contrast to view this morphology, and shown the deformability of the starch structure under contact mode imaging conditions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Baker2001,
  author = {Baker, A. A. and Miles, M. J. and Helbert, W.},
  title = {Internal structure of the starch granule revealed by AFM},
  journal = {Carbohydrate Research},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {330},
  number = {2},
  pages = {249--256}
}
Balistreri, M., Gersen, H., Korterik, J., Kuipers, L. & van Hulst, N. Tracking femtosecond laser pulses in space and time 2001 SCIENCE
Vol. 294(5544), pp. 1080-1082 
article  
Abstract: We show that the propagation of a femtosecond laser pulse inside a photonic structure can be directly visualized and tracked as it propagates using a time-resolved photon scanning tunneling microscope. From the time-dependent and phase-sensitive measurements, both the group velocity and the phase velocity are unambiguously and simultaneously determined. It is expected that this technique wilt find applications in the investigation of the local dynamic behavior of photonic crystals and integrated optical circuits.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000172013800043,
  author = {Balistreri, MLM and Gersen, H and Korterik, JP and Kuipers, L and van Hulst, NF},
  title = {Tracking femtosecond laser pulses in space and time},
  journal = {SCIENCE},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {294},
  number = {5544},
  pages = {1080-1082}
}
Beattie, D.R., Hindmarsh, P., Goodby, J.W., Haslam, S.D. & Richardson, R.M. Triphenylene Hexa-N-Alkylcyclohexanoates - a New Series of Disk-Like Liquid-Crystals 1992 Journal of Materials Chemistry
Vol. 2(12), pp. 1261-1266 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Beattie1992,
  author = {Beattie, D. R. and Hindmarsh, P. and Goodby, J. W. and Haslam, S. D. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Triphenylene Hexa-N-Alkylcyclohexanoates - a New Series of Disk-Like Liquid-Crystals},
  journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {2},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1261-1266}
}
Belushkin, A.V., Cook, M.J., Frezzato, D., Haslam, S.D., Ferrarini, A., Martin, D., McMurdo, J., Nordio, P.L., Richardson, R.M. & Stafford, A. A quasi-elastic neutron scattering study of molecular dynamics in a columnar liquid crystal 1998 Molecular Physics
Vol. 93(4), pp. 593-607 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Belushkin1998,
  author = {Belushkin, A. V. and Cook, M. J. and Frezzato, D. and Haslam, S. D. and Ferrarini, A. and Martin, D. and McMurdo, J. and Nordio, P. L. and Richardson, R. M. and Stafford, A.},
  title = {A quasi-elastic neutron scattering study of molecular dynamics in a columnar liquid crystal},
  journal = {Molecular Physics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {93},
  number = {4},
  pages = {593-607}
}
Benito, D.C., Carberry, D.M., Simpson, S.H., Gibson, G.M., Padgett, M.J., Rarity, J.G., Miles, M.J. & Hanna, S. Constructing 3D crystal templates for photonic band gap materials using holographic optical tweezers 2008 Optics Express
Vol. 16(17), pp. 13005-13015 
article DOI  
Abstract: A simple and robust method is presented for the construction of 3-dimensional crystals from silica and polystyrene microspheres. The crystals are suitable for use as templates in the production of three-dimensional photonic band gap (PBG) materials. Manipulation of the microspheres was achieved using a dynamic holographic assembler (DHA) consisting of computer controlled holographic optical tweezers. Attachment of the microspheres was achieved by adjusting their colloidal interactions during assembly. The method is demonstrated by constructing a variety of 3-dimensional crystals using spheres ranging in size from 3 mu m down to 800 nm. A major advantage of the technique is that it may be used to build structures that cannot be made using self-assembly. This is illustrated through the construction of crystals in which line defects have been deliberately included, and by building simple cubic structures. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Benito2008a,
  author = {Benito, D. C. and Carberry, D. M. and Simpson, S. H. and Gibson, G. M. and Padgett, M. J. and Rarity, J. G. and Miles, M. J. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Constructing 3D crystal templates for photonic band gap materials using holographic optical tweezers},
  journal = {Optics Express},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {16},
  number = {17},
  pages = {13005--13015},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.013005}
}
Benito, D.C., Simpson, S.H. & Hanna, S. FDTD simulations of forces on particles during holographic assembly 2008 Optics Express
Vol. 16(5), pp. 2942-2957 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Benito2008b,
  author = {Benito, D. C. and Simpson, S. H. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {FDTD simulations of forces on particles during holographic assembly},
  journal = {Optics Express},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {16},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2942--2957},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.002942}
}
Berry, M., Brayshaw, D. & McMaster, T.J. Dynamic molecular resolution imaging of preocular fluid impressions 2004 British Journal Of Ophthalmology
Vol. 88(11), pp. 1460-1466 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Berry2004,
  author = {Berry, M. and Brayshaw, D. and McMaster, T. J.},
  title = {Dynamic molecular resolution imaging of preocular fluid impressions},
  journal = {British Journal Of Ophthalmology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {88},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1460--1466}
}
Berry, M., McMaster, T.J., Corfield, A.P. & Miles, M.J. Exploring the molecular adhesion of ocular mucins 2001 Biomacromolecules
Vol. 2(2), pp. 498-503 
article  
Abstract: Mucins have been ascribed both pro- and anti-adhesive functions. To clarify how both functions can be embodied in the same molecule we studied the interaction of human ocular mucins with mica and with mucins deposited on mica. Adhesion energy and forces of interaction were evaluated as a function of speed of approach, dwell time at maximum extension, and presence of divalent cations in the imaging buffer. Mucins were tethered to an AFM gold-coated tip. Repeated cycles of approach and retract to mica revealed a large number of adhesions in each cycle. Adhesion energy (0.2-48 aJ) and detachment forces (0.1-4 nN) increased with the addition of Ni(II) ions, and with lengthening dwell time. Speed of approach made little difference to the interactions. Most detachments occurred less than 40 nm from the surface. Inter-detachment distances reflected the major periodicities of the mica basal plane. Short distances of interaction, magnitude of detachment forces, and imaging of mucins on SAM all suggest deformable compact mucin aggregates on the AFM tip. Inter-detachment distances suggest a large degree of interpenetration between neighboring molecules. Tip-tethered mucins did not adhere to mucins deposited on mica. This phenomenon is analogous with the nonadherence of the mucin gels on lids and on cornea during blinking.
BibTeX:
@article{Berry2001,
  author = {Berry, M. and McMaster, T. J. and Corfield, A. P. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Exploring the molecular adhesion of ocular mucins},
  journal = {Biomacromolecules},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {498--503}
}
Berry, M., McMaster, T.J., Corfield, A.P. & Miles, M.J. Ocular mucins form slender and long polymers: An atomic force microscopy study 1999 Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
Vol. 40(4), pp. 5090 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Berry1999,
  author = {Berry, M. and McMaster, T. J. and Corfield, A. P. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Ocular mucins form slender and long polymers: An atomic force microscopy study},
  journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {40},
  number = {4},
  pages = {5090}
}
Binger, D.R. & Hanna, S. Computer simulations of the interactions between liquid crystal molecules and polymer surfaces - III. Use of pseudopotentials to represent the surface 2001 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 28(8), pp. 1215-1234 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Binger2001,
  author = {Binger, D. R. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Computer simulations of the interactions between liquid crystal molecules and polymer surfaces - III. Use of pseudopotentials to represent the surface},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {28},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1215--1234}
}
Binger, D.R. & Hanna, S. Computer simulations of interactions between liquid crystal molecules and polymer surfaces II. Alignment of smectic C-forming mesogens 2000 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 27(1), pp. 89-102 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Binger2000,
  author = {Binger, D. R. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Computer simulations of interactions between liquid crystal molecules and polymer surfaces II. Alignment of smectic C-forming mesogens},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {89--102}
}
Binger, D.R. & Hanna, S. Computer simulation of interactions between liquid crystal molecules and polymer surfaces - I. Alignment of nematic and smectic A phases 1999 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 26(8), pp. 1205-1224 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Binger1999,
  author = {Binger, D. R. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Computer simulation of interactions between liquid crystal molecules and polymer surfaces - I. Alignment of nematic and smectic A phases},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {26},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1205--1224}
}
Binger, D.R. & Hanna, S. Computer simulation of surface alignment in ferroelectric liquid crystal devices 1997 Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals Science And Technology Section A-Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals
Vol. 302, pp. 63-68 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Binger1997,
  author = {Binger, D. R. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Computer simulation of surface alignment in ferroelectric liquid crystal devices},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals Science And Technology Section A-Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {302},
  pages = {63--68}
}
Binks, B.P., Fletcher, P.D.I., Phipps, J.S. & Richardson, R.M. Insoluble Monolayers of a Preformed Polymer Containing Carboxylic-Acid Hydrophilic Groups - Cadmium Ion Binding to Monolayers and Ionization in Multilayers 1992 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 209(2), pp. 280-287 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Binks1992,
  author = {Binks, B. P. and Fletcher, P. D. I. and Phipps, J. S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Insoluble Monolayers of a Preformed Polymer Containing Carboxylic-Acid Hydrophilic Groups - Cadmium Ion Binding to Monolayers and Ionization in Multilayers},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {209},
  number = {2},
  pages = {280-287}
}
Boiko, N.I., Lysachkov, A.I., Ponomarenko, S.A., Shibaev, V.P. & Richardson, R.M. Synthesis and comparative studies of carbosilane liquid crystalline dendrimers with chiral terminal mesogenic groups 2005 Colloid and Polymer Science
Vol. 283(11), pp. 1155-1162 
article  
Abstract: A new series of carbosilane liquid crystalline (LC) dendrimers from the first to the third generations with 8, 16 and 32 chiral terminal mesogenic groups, respectively, has been synthesized. The molecular structures and purity of all new compounds were confirmed by H-1 NMR spectroscopy and GPC analysis. Data of polarization microscopy and SAX analysis demonstrated that all LC dendrimers synthesized form a chiral smectic SmC* phase at temperatures below 50 degrees C. It has been found that bistable electrooptical switching is observed for all dendrimers. The influence of chiral mesogenic fragment length on phase behavior and ferroelectric properties of carbosilane LC dendrimers is discussed.
BibTeX:
@article{Boiko2005,
  author = {Boiko, N. I. and Lysachkov, A. I. and Ponomarenko, S. A. and Shibaev, V. P. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Synthesis and comparative studies of carbosilane liquid crystalline dendrimers with chiral terminal mesogenic groups},
  journal = {Colloid and Polymer Science},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {283},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1155-1162}
}
Bowden, C.J., Herrington, T.M., Moseley, A.M. & Richardson, R. The Crystal-K Phase of 4,4'-Di-(2-Methoxyethoxy)Biphenyl 1995 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 18(6), pp. 825-828 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bowden1995,
  author = {Bowden, C. J. and Herrington, T. M. and Moseley, A. M. and Richardson, R.},
  title = {The Crystal-K Phase of 4,4'-Di-(2-Methoxyethoxy)Biphenyl},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {18},
  number = {6},
  pages = {825-828}
}
Bower, C., Froggatt, S., Laycock, R., Musgrove, R.J., Richardson, R.M., Rozario, G., Zarbakhsh, A., Webster, J.P.R., Hill, J.S., Lacey, D. & Nestor, G. Transitions in a spread film of a side-chain liquid crystal polymer 1995 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 261, pp. 437-451 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bower1995,
  author = {Bower, C. and Froggatt, S. and Laycock, R. and Musgrove, R. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Rozario, G. and Zarbakhsh, A. and Webster, J. P. R. and Hill, J. S. and Lacey, D. and Nestor, G.},
  title = {Transitions in a spread film of a side-chain liquid crystal polymer},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {261},
  pages = {437-451}
}
Brayshaw, D.J., Berry, M. & McMaster, T.J. Molecular adsorption: early stage surface exploration 2004 Ultramicroscopy
Vol. 100(3-4), pp. 145-151 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Brayshaw2004,
  author = {Brayshaw, D. J. and Berry, M. and McMaster, T. J.},
  title = {Molecular adsorption: early stage surface exploration},
  journal = {Ultramicroscopy},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {100},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {145--151}
}
Brayshaw, D.J., Berry, M. & McMaster, T.J. Reducing a polymer to its subunits as an aid to molecular mapping 2004 Nanotechnology
Vol. 15(11), pp. 1391-1396 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Brayshaw2004a,
  author = {Brayshaw, D. J. and Berry, M. and McMaster, T. J.},
  title = {Reducing a polymer to its subunits as an aid to molecular mapping},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {15},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1391--1396}
}
Brayshaw, D.J., Berry, M. & McMaster, T.J. Optimisation of sample preparation methods for air imaging of ocular mucins by AFM 2003 Ultramicroscopy
Vol. 97(1-4), pp. 289-296 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Brayshaw2003,
  author = {Brayshaw, D. J. and Berry, M. and McMaster, T. J.},
  title = {Optimisation of sample preparation methods for air imaging of ocular mucins by AFM},
  journal = {Ultramicroscopy},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {97},
  number = {1-4},
  pages = {289--296}
}
Brennan, T., Dalgliesh, R.M., Lovell, M.R., Richardson, R.M., Barnes, A.C. & Sergeant, S.A. An X-ray and neutron reflection study of water penetration into fluorocarbon doped silica gel films 2003 Langmuir
Vol. 19(19), pp. 7761-7767 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Brennan2003,
  author = {Brennan, T. and Dalgliesh, R. M. and Lovell, M. R. and Richardson, R. M. and Barnes, A. C. and Sergeant, S. A.},
  title = {An X-ray and neutron reflection study of water penetration into fluorocarbon doped silica gel films},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {19},
  number = {19},
  pages = {7761-7767}
}
Brown, C., Dunn, P.E., Jones, J.C., Jenkins, S.A. & Richardson, R.M. X-ray structural studies of ferroelectric liquid crystal devices 2003 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 402, pp. 291-311 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Brown2003,
  author = {Brown, C. and Dunn, P. E. and Jones, J. C. and Jenkins, S. A. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {X-ray structural studies of ferroelectric liquid crystal devices},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {402},
  pages = {291-311}
}
Bruce, D.W., Dunmur, D.A., Hudson, S.A., Lalinde, E., Maitlis, P.M., McDonald, M.P., Orr, R., Styring, P., Cherodian, A.S., Richardson, R.M., Feijoo, J.L. & Ungar, G. Polymorphic Ionic Mesogens of Silver(I) - Ionic Materials Exhibiting a Thermotropic Cubic Mesophase 1991 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 206, pp. 79-\& 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bruce1991,
  author = {Bruce, D. W. and Dunmur, D. A. and Hudson, S. A. and Lalinde, E. and Maitlis, P. M. and McDonald, M. P. and Orr, R. and Styring, P. and Cherodian, A. S. and Richardson, R. M. and Feijoo, J. L. and Ungar, G.},
  title = {Polymorphic Ionic Mesogens of Silver(I) - Ionic Materials Exhibiting a Thermotropic Cubic Mesophase},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {206},
  pages = {79-&}
}
Bryant, G.C., Cook, M.J., Haslam, S.D., Richardson, R.M., Ryan, T.G. & Thorne, A.J. Discotic Liquid-Crystal Behavior of Some Multinuclear Phthalocyanine Derivatives 1994 Journal of Materials Chemistry
Vol. 4(2), pp. 209-216 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bryant1994a,
  author = {Bryant, G. C. and Cook, M. J. and Haslam, S. D. and Richardson, R. M. and Ryan, T. G. and Thorne, A. J.},
  title = {Discotic Liquid-Crystal Behavior of Some Multinuclear Phthalocyanine Derivatives},
  journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {209-216}
}
Bryant, G.C., Cook, M.J., Ruggiero, C., Ryan, T.G., Thorne, A.J., Haslam, S.D. & Richardson, R.M. Structural Study of Spin-Coated and Lb Films of Monomeric and Oligomeric Phthalocyanines 1994 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 243(1-2), pp. 316-324 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bryant1994,
  author = {Bryant, G. C. and Cook, M. J. and Ruggiero, C. and Ryan, T. G. and Thorne, A. J. and Haslam, S. D. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Structural Study of Spin-Coated and Lb Films of Monomeric and Oligomeric Phthalocyanines},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {243},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {316-324}
}
Buhaenko, M.R., Goodwin, J.W. & Richardson, R.M. Surface Rheology of Spread Monolayers 1988 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 159, pp. 171-189 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Buhaenko1988b,
  author = {Buhaenko, M. R. and Goodwin, J. W. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Surface Rheology of Spread Monolayers},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {171-189}
}
Buhaenko, M.R., Goodwin, J.W., Richardson, R.M. & Daniel, M.F. The Influence of Shear Viscosity of Spread Monolayers on the Langmuir-Blodgett Process 1985 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 134(1-3), pp. 217-226 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Buhaenko1985,
  author = {Buhaenko, M. R. and Goodwin, J. W. and Richardson, R. M. and Daniel, M. F.},
  title = {The Influence of Shear Viscosity of Spread Monolayers on the Langmuir-Blodgett Process},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {134},
  number = {1-3},
  pages = {217-226}
}
Buhaenko, M.R., Grundy, M.J., Richardson, R.M. & Roser, S.J. Structure and Temperature-Dependence of Fatty-Acid Langmuir-Blodgett Films Studied by Neutron and X-Ray-Scattering 1988 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 159, pp. 253-265 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Buhaenko1988a,
  author = {Buhaenko, M. R. and Grundy, M. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J.},
  title = {Structure and Temperature-Dependence of Fatty-Acid Langmuir-Blodgett Films Studied by Neutron and X-Ray-Scattering},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {253-265}
}
Buhaenko, M.R. & Richardson, R.M. Measurements of the Forces of Emersion and Immersion and Contact Angles During Langmuir-Blodgett Deposition 1988 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 159, pp. 231-238 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Buhaenko1988,
  author = {Buhaenko, M. R. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Measurements of the Forces of Emersion and Immersion and Contact Angles During Langmuir-Blodgett Deposition},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {231-238}
}
Cacciafesta, P., Hallam, K.R., Oyedepo, C.A., Humphris, A.D.L., Miles, M.J. & Jandt, K.D. Characterization of ultraflat titanium oxide surfaces 2002 Chemistry Of Materials
Vol. 14(2), pp. 777-789 
article  
Abstract: In this work we investigated the physical and chemical nature of ultraflat titanium dioxide (TiO2) samples which we had previously used as substrates for the investigation of adsorbed protein molecules (Cacciafesta, P.; Humphris, A. D. L.; Jandt, K. D.; Miles, M. J. Langmuir 2000, 16, 8167). Titanium films were prepared by thermal evaporation on a heated mica surface and either separated from the mica to investigate the resulting surface or left in contact with the mica to analyze the titanium-mica interface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the surfaces exposed after removal of the mica showed very flat surfaces [root-mean-square roughness of 0.29 nm +/- 0.03 nm] and the presence of disordered as well as ordered structures. Different degrees of order were observed, such as a square lattice with spacing of a(0) = 0.49 nm, a regular pattern with spacings of a(0) = 0.47 nm and b(0) = 0.35 nm with an angle of similar to800 between a(0) and b(0), or the presence of surface defects. These ordered structures were not stable upon long-term AFM imaging and could he damaged by the scanning tip. To further investigate the nature of the ordered regions, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed for the titanium-mica samples. XRD showed the crystalline structures of both the mica and the titanium film but did not detect any order in the titanium-mica interface. Possible causes for the formation of the ordered regions are discussed, in the cases of formation both after removal of mica or during sample preparation. The chemical nature of the titanium-mica interface was investigated with secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) via depth profiling of the titanium-mica samples from the titanium side. The metal film was found to be mainly composed of titanium and to a lesser extent of oxygen and carbon. After the metal film was sputtered and the titanium-mica interface was reached, the titanium concentration decreased and the concentration of the typical mica elements, such as silicon, aluminum, and potassium, increased. XPS was also used to investigate the chemical composition of the surfaces obtained after mica removal, which were found to be mainly composed of TiO2 with a small percentage of Ti2O3. The possible applications of this simple method for preparing ultraflat TiO2 surfaces are discussed.
BibTeX:
@article{Cacciafesta2002,
  author = {Cacciafesta, P. and Hallam, K. R. and Oyedepo, C. A. and Humphris, A. D. L. and Miles, M. J. and Jandt, K. D.},
  title = {Characterization of ultraflat titanium oxide surfaces},
  journal = {Chemistry Of Materials},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {777--789}
}
Cacciafesta, P., Humphris, A.D.L., Jandt, K.D. & Miles, M.J. Human plasma fibrinogen adsorption on ultraflat titanium oxide surfaces studied with atomic force microscopy 2000 Langmuir
Vol. 16(21), pp. 8167-8175 
article  
Abstract: Conformational changes of proteins adsorbing on biomaterial surfaces affect biocompatibility. Titanium is among the most successful biomaterials; however, the mechanisms leading to its biocompatibility are not yet understood. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the conformation of human plasma fibrinogen (HPF) adsorbed on titanium oxide surfaces. A method for preparing ultraflat titanium substrates was developed. This allowed high-resolution investigation of both the titanium oxide surfaces and the adsorbed state of HPF. The titanium oxide surfaces were first imaged with an atomic force microscope in air and subsequently incubated in a solution of HPF in phosphate buffer and imaged in fluid with tapping mode AFM. The titanium oxide surfaces exhibited a root-mean squared (RMS) roughness of (0.29 +/- 0.03) nm over (1.00 x 1.00) mu m(2) areas. Different degrees of molecular order were found on the titanium oxide Surface. In crystalline surface areas square lattices with parameters a(0) = b(0) approximate to 0.5 nm were resolved, which is consistent with the (001) planes of the titanium dioxide TiO2 rutile. Repetitive scanning of TiO2 surface areas resulted in the abrasion of the outermost TiO2 layers by the AFM tip to a depth varying between 0.3 and 1.0 nm. When imaging adsorbed HPF, individual molecules and aggregates, often joined through their D domains, were resolved, and the typical HPF multiglobular structure was observed. The mean length and height of single molecules were (46 +/- 3) nm and (1.4 +/- 0.2) nm, respectively. Additional features (chain segments) adjacent to the D and E domains were resolved and attributed to the a chains and their C-termini. The combination of AFM and the ultraflat titanium preparation method has proven successful for the high-resolution study of both the TiO2 surface and the adsorbed HPF.
BibTeX:
@article{Cacciafesta2000,
  author = {Cacciafesta, P. and Humphris, A. D. L. and Jandt, K. D. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Human plasma fibrinogen adsorption on ultraflat titanium oxide surfaces studied with atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {16},
  number = {21},
  pages = {8167--8175}
}
Cammidge, A.N., Cook, M.J., Haslam, S.D., Richardson, R.M. & Harrison, K.J. Mesomorphic Properties of Some 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octa-Alkoxymethylphthalocyanines 1993 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 14(6), pp. 1847-1862 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cammidge1993,
  author = {Cammidge, A. N. and Cook, M. J. and Haslam, S. D. and Richardson, R. M. and Harrison, K. J.},
  title = {Mesomorphic Properties of Some 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octa-Alkoxymethylphthalocyanines},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1847-1862}
}
Carberry, D.M., Baker, M.A.B., Wang, G.M., Sevick, E.M. & Evans, D.J. An optical trap experiment to demonstrate fluctuation theorems in viscoelastic media 2007 Journal Of Optics A-Pure And Applied Optics
Vol. 9(8), pp. S204-S214 
article DOI  
Abstract: Conventional 19th century thermodynamics has limited our understanding of statistical physics to systems in the thermodynamic limit, at or near equilibrium. However, in the last decade two new theorems, collectively referred to as fluctuation theorems or FTs, were introduced that quantify the energy distributions of small systems that are driven out of equilibrium, possibly far from equilibrium, by an external field. As such the FTs represent a much needed extension of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that can potentially address systems of interest in the 21st century, including nano/micro-machines and single biomolecular function. Optical trapping has served as an ideal experimental technique for demonstrating these theorems. Measurement of picoNewton scale forces over nanometre-sized displacements of a trapped micron-sized particle allows us to measure the energies to a fraction of thermal energy along the particle's trajectory-precisely what is needed to demonstrate the predictions of the FTs. Here we review the fluctuation theorems, as cast by Evans and Searles ( 1994 Phys. Rev. E 50 1645; 2002 Adv. Phys. 51 1529; 2004 Aust. J. Chem. 57 1119) and Crooks (1999 Phys. Rev. E 60 2721), and provide a discussion of their importance and a comparison of their arguments. We further demonstrate an optical trap experiment that confirms the FTs. We have chosen to review an optical trapping experiment that is identical to a previously published experiment (Carberry et al 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 140601), but where the solvent is viscoelastic rather than purely viscous. This represents the first experimental demonstration where dynamics of the colloidal particle are complex and not known a priori.
BibTeX:
@article{Carberry2007,
  author = {Carberry, D. M. and Baker, M. A. B. and Wang, G. M. and Sevick, E. M. and Evans, D. J.},
  title = {An optical trap experiment to demonstrate fluctuation theorems in viscoelastic media},
  journal = {Journal Of Optics A-Pure And Applied Optics},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {9},
  number = {8},
  pages = {S204--S214},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/9/8/S13}
}
Carberry, D.M., Reid, J.C., Wang, G.M., Sevick, E.M., Searles, D.J. & Evans, D.J. Fluctuations and irreversibility: An experimental demonstration of a second-law-like theorem using a colloidal particle held in an optical trap 2004 Physical Review Letters
Vol. 92(14), pp. 140601 
article  
Abstract: The puzzle of how time-reversible microscopic equations of mechanics lead to the time-irreversible macroscopic equations of thermodynamics has been a paradox since the days of Boltzmann. Boltzmann simply sidestepped this enigma by stating "as soon as one looks at bodies of such small dimension that they contain only very few molecules, the validity of this theorem [the second law of thermodynamics and its description of irreversibility] must cease." Today we can state that the transient fluctuation theorem (TFT) of Evans and Searles is a generalized, second-law-like theorem that bridges the microscopic and macroscopic domains and links the time-reversible and irreversible descriptions. We apply this theorem to a colloidal particle in an optical trap. For the first time, we demonstrate the TFT in an experiment and show quantitative agreement with Langevin dynamics.
BibTeX:
@article{Carberry2004a,
  author = {Carberry, D. M. and Reid, J. C. and Wang, G. M. and Sevick, E. M. and Searles, D. J. and Evans, D. J.},
  title = {Fluctuations and irreversibility: An experimental demonstration of a second-law-like theorem using a colloidal particle held in an optical trap},
  journal = {Physical Review Letters},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {92},
  number = {14},
  pages = {140601}
}
Carberry, D.M., Williams, S.R., Wang, G.M., Sevick, E.M. & Evans, D.J. The Kawasaki identity and the fluctuation theorem 2004 Journal Of Chemical Physics
Vol. 121(17), pp. 8179-8182 
article  
Abstract: In this paper we show that the Fluctuation Theorem of Evans and Searles [D. J. Evans, D. J. Searles, Phys. Rev. E 50, 1645 (1994)] implies that the Kawasaki function is unity for all time t. We confirm this relationship using experimental data obtained using optical tweezers, and show that the Kawasaki function is a valuable diagnostic tool. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Carberry2004,
  author = {Carberry, D. M. and Williams, S. R. and Wang, G. M. and Sevick, E. M. and Evans, D. J.},
  title = {The Kawasaki identity and the fluctuation theorem},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {121},
  number = {17},
  pages = {8179--8182}
}
Carleton, A., Stothard, D.J.M., Lindsay, I.D., Ebrahimzadeh, M. & Dunn, M.H. Compact, continuous-wave, singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled RbTiOAsO4 in a Nd : YVO4 laser 2003 Opt. Lett.
Vol. 28(7), pp. 555-557 
article DOI  
Abstract: We describe a compact all-solid-state continuous-wave, singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) based on periodically poled RbTiOAsO4. The SRO is pumped at 1.064 mum by a Nd:YVO4 laser, which is itself pumped by a 3-W diode laser. Using the intracavity technique produced an oscillation threshold for the SRO of only 1.6 W (diode-laser power). For 3 W of diode pump power some 65 mW was obtained in the (nonresonant) idler (wavelength 3.52 mum). Temperature tuning over the range 10-100 degreesC resulted in tuning ranges of 1.52-1.54 and 3.41-3.54 mum for the signal and the idler waves, respectively. Importantly, relaxation oscillations were absent. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Carleton2003,
  author = {Carleton, A. and Stothard, D. J. M. and Lindsay, I. D. and Ebrahimzadeh, M. and Dunn, M. H.},
  title = {Compact, continuous-wave, singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled RbTiOAsO4 in a Nd : YVO4 laser},
  journal = {Opt. Lett.},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {28},
  number = {7},
  pages = {555-557},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.28.000555}
}
Catalano, D., Cifelli, M., Domenici, V., Fodor-Csorba, K., Richardson, R. & Veracini, C.A. H-2-NMR and SAXS of a ferroelectric liquid crystal: unwinding of the ferroelectric chiral helix by high magnetic fields 2001 Chemical Physics Letters
Vol. 346(3-4), pp. 259-266 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Catalano2001,
  author = {Catalano, D. and Cifelli, M. and Domenici, V. and Fodor-Csorba, K. and Richardson, R. and Veracini, C. A.},
  title = {H-2-NMR and SAXS of a ferroelectric liquid crystal: unwinding of the ferroelectric chiral helix by high magnetic fields},
  journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {346},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {259-266}
}
Cherodian, A.S., Davies, A.N., Richardson, R.M., Cook, M.J., McKeown, N.B., Thomson, A.J., Feijoo, J., Ungar, G. & Harrison, K.J. Mesogenic Behavior of Some 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octa-Alkylphthalocyanines 1991 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 196, pp. 103-114 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cherodian1991a,
  author = {Cherodian, A. S. and Davies, A. N. and Richardson, R. M. and Cook, M. J. and McKeown, N. B. and Thomson, A. J. and Feijoo, J. and Ungar, G. and Harrison, K. J.},
  title = {Mesogenic Behavior of Some 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octa-Alkylphthalocyanines},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {196},
  pages = {103-114}
}
Cherodian, A.S., Hughes, N.J., Richardson, R.M., Lee, M.S.K. & Gray, G.W. Structural Studies of Laterally Attached Liquid-Crystalline Polymers 1993 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 14(6), pp. 1667-1682 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cherodian1993,
  author = {Cherodian, A. S. and Hughes, N. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Lee, M. S. K. and Gray, G. W.},
  title = {Structural Studies of Laterally Attached Liquid-Crystalline Polymers},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1667-1682}
}
Cherodian, A.S. & Richardson, R.M. X-Ray-Diffraction from Free Standing Films of Hexatic Smectic Liquid-Crystals 1991 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 196, pp. 115-131 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cherodian1991,
  author = {Cherodian, A. S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {X-Ray-Diffraction from Free Standing Films of Hexatic Smectic Liquid-Crystals},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {196},
  pages = {115-131}
}
Clifton, B.J., Cosgrove, T., Richardson, R.M., Zarbakhsh, A. & Webster, J.R.P. The structure of block copolymers at the fluid/fluid interface 1998 Physica B
Vol. 248, pp. 289-296 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Clifton1998,
  author = {Clifton, B. J. and Cosgrove, T. and Richardson, R. M. and Zarbakhsh, A. and Webster, J. R. P.},
  title = {The structure of block copolymers at the fluid/fluid interface},
  journal = {Physica B},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {248},
  pages = {289-296}
}
Connolly, J., van Duijneveldt, J.S., Klein, S., Pizzey, C. & Richardson, R.M. Manipulation of modified clay particles in a nematic solvent by a magnetic field 2007 Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter
Vol. 19(15) 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Connolly2007,
  author = {Connolly, J. and van Duijneveldt, J. S. and Klein, S. and Pizzey, C. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Manipulation of modified clay particles in a nematic solvent by a magnetic field},
  journal = {Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {19},
  number = {15},
  note = {156103}
}
Connolly, J., van Duijneveldt, J.S., Klein, S., Pizzey, C. & Richardson, R.M. Effect of surfactant and solvent properties on the stacking behavior of non-aqueous suspensions of organically modified clays 2006 Langmuir
Vol. 22(15), pp. 6531-6538 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Connolly2006,
  author = {Connolly, J. and van Duijneveldt, J. S. and Klein, S. and Pizzey, C. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Effect of surfactant and solvent properties on the stacking behavior of non-aqueous suspensions of organically modified clays},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {22},
  number = {15},
  pages = {6531-6538}
}
Conrad, H.M., Stiller, H.H., Frischkorn, C.G.B. & Richardson, R.M. Dynamic Critical Scattering near Smectic-a-Nematic Phase-Transition in Cbooa 1978 Solid State Communications
Vol. 26(11), pp. 801-804 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Conrad1978,
  author = {Conrad, H. M. and Stiller, H. H. and Frischkorn, C. G. B. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Dynamic Critical Scattering near Smectic-a-Nematic Phase-Transition in Cbooa},
  journal = {Solid State Communications},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {26},
  number = {11},
  pages = {801-804}
}
Cook, M., Mckeown, N., Thompson, A., Harrison, K., Richardson, R., Davies, A. & Roser, S.J. Assemblies of Discotic Mesophases of 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25 octa- substituted phthalocyanines 1998 Chemistry of Materials
Vol. 1, pp. 287-289 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cook1998,
  author = {Cook, M.J. and Mckeown, N.B. and Thompson, A.J. and Harrison, K.J. and Richardson, R.M. and Davies, A.N and Roser, S. J.},
  title = {Assemblies of Discotic Mesophases of 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25 octa- substituted phthalocyanines},
  journal = {Chemistry of Materials},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {287-289}
}
Cook, M.J., Dunn, A.J., Daniel, M.F., Hart, R.C.O., Richardson, R.M. & Roser, S.J. Fabrication of Ordered Langmuir-Blodgett Multilayers of Octa-N-Alkoxy Phthalocyanines 1988 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 159, pp. 395-404 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cook1988,
  author = {Cook, M. J. and Dunn, A. J. and Daniel, M. F. and Hart, R. C. O. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J.},
  title = {Fabrication of Ordered Langmuir-Blodgett Multilayers of Octa-N-Alkoxy Phthalocyanines},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {395-404}
}
Cook, M.J., McKeown, N.B., Simmons, J.M., Thomson, A.J., Daniel, M.F., Harrison, K.J., Richardson, R.M. & Roser, S.J. Spectroscopic and X-Ray-Diffraction Study of Langmuir-Blodgett-Films of Some 1,4,8,11,15,18-Hexaalkyl-22,25-Bis(Carboxypropyl)-Phthalocyanines 1991 Journal of Materials Chemistry
Vol. 1(1), pp. 121-127 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cook1991,
  author = {Cook, M. J. and McKeown, N. B. and Simmons, J. M. and Thomson, A. J. and Daniel, M. F. and Harrison, K. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J.},
  title = {Spectroscopic and X-Ray-Diffraction Study of Langmuir-Blodgett-Films of Some 1,4,8,11,15,18-Hexaalkyl-22,25-Bis(Carboxypropyl)-Phthalocyanines},
  journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {121-127}
}
Cook, M.J., McMurdo, J., Miles, D.A., Poynter, R.H., Simmons, J.M., Haslam, S.D., Richardson, R.M. & Welford, K. Monolayer Behavior and Langmuir-Blodgett-Film Properties of Some Amphiphilic Phthalocyanines - Factors Influencing Molecular-Organization within the Film Assembly 1994 Journal of Materials Chemistry
Vol. 4(8), pp. 1205-1213 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cook1994,
  author = {Cook, M. J. and McMurdo, J. and Miles, D. A. and Poynter, R. H. and Simmons, J. M. and Haslam, S. D. and Richardson, R. M. and Welford, K.},
  title = {Monolayer Behavior and Langmuir-Blodgett-Film Properties of Some Amphiphilic Phthalocyanines - Factors Influencing Molecular-Organization within the Film Assembly},
  journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {4},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1205-1213}
}
Cosgrove, T., Benton, N., Roberts, C., Richardson, R., Schmidt, R.G., Gordon, G.V. & Yoshitake, M. Nanocomposties with PDMs 2005 Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society
Vol. 229, pp. U927-U927 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove2005,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Benton, N. and Roberts, C. and Richardson, R. and Schmidt, R. G. and Gordon, G. V. and Yoshitake, M.},
  title = {Nanocomposties with PDMs},
  journal = {Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {229},
  pages = {U927-U927},
  note = {Part 2}
}
Cosgrove, T., Eaglesham, A., Horne, D., Phipps, J. & M., R.R. Reflection from Liquid/Liquid Interface 1992 Springer Proccedings in Physics
Vol. 61, pp. 159-166 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1992,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Eaglesham, A. and Horne, D. and Phipps, J.S. and M., Richardson R.},
  title = {Reflection from Liquid/Liquid Interface},
  journal = {Springer Proccedings in Physics},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {159-166}
}
Cosgrove, T., Heath, T.G., Phipps, J.S. & Richardson, R.M. Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Polymers Adsorbed on Mica from Solution 1991 Macromolecules
Vol. 24(1), pp. 94-98 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1991b,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Heath, T. G. and Phipps, J. S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Polymers Adsorbed on Mica from Solution},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {94-98}
}
Cosgrove, T., Morgan, M. & Richardson, R.M. The Diffusion of Benzene in High Silica Zeolite Zsm-5 Studied by Pfgnmr and Quens - Reply 1991 Colloids and Surfaces
Vol. 58(1-2), pp. 207-209 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1991a,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Morgan, M. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {The Diffusion of Benzene in High Silica Zeolite Zsm-5 Studied by Pfgnmr and Quens - Reply},
  journal = {Colloids and Surfaces},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {207-209}
}
Cosgrove, T., Phipps, J. & Richardson, R. Neutron Reflection From Polymers Adsorbed at the Solid/Liquid Interface 1992 Springer Proceedings in Physics
Vol. 61, pp. 169-174 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1992a,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Phipps, J.S. and Richardson, R.M.},
  title = {Neutron Reflection From Polymers Adsorbed at the Solid/Liquid Interface},
  journal = {Springer Proceedings in Physics },
  year = {1992},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {169-174}
}
Cosgrove, T., Phipps, J. & Richardson, R.M. Neutron Reflection from Polymers Adsorbed at Interfaces 1991 Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society
Vol. 201, pp. 134-POLY 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1991,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Phipps, J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Neutron Reflection from Polymers Adsorbed at Interfaces},
  journal = {Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {201},
  pages = {134-POLY},
  note = {Part 2}
}
Cosgrove, T., Phipps, J.S. & Richardson, R.M. Neutron Reflection from a Liquid Liquid Interface 1992 Colloids and Surfaces
Vol. 62(3), pp. 199-206 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1992b,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Phipps, J. S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Neutron Reflection from a Liquid Liquid Interface},
  journal = {Colloids and Surfaces},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {62},
  number = {3},
  pages = {199-206}
}
Cosgrove, T., Phipps, J.S., Richardson, R.M., Hair, M.L. & Guzonas, D. Neutron Reflectivity and Force Balance Studies of Polymers Adsorbed at the Solid-Solution Interface 1990 Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society
Vol. 200, pp. 59-POLY 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1990,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Phipps, J. S. and Richardson, R. M. and Hair, M. L. and Guzonas, D.},
  title = {Neutron Reflectivity and Force Balance Studies of Polymers Adsorbed at the Solid-Solution Interface},
  journal = {Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {200},
  pages = {59-POLY},
  note = {Part 2}
}
Cosgrove, T., Phipps, J.S., Richardson, R.M., Hair, M.L. & Guzonas, D.A. Surface Force and Neutron-Scattering Studies on Adsorbed Poly(2-Vinylpyridine)-B-Polystyrene 1994 Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
Vol. 86, pp. 91-101 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1994,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Phipps, J. S. and Richardson, R. M. and Hair, M. L. and Guzonas, D. A.},
  title = {Surface Force and Neutron-Scattering Studies on Adsorbed Poly(2-Vinylpyridine)-B-Polystyrene},
  journal = {Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {86},
  pages = {91-101}
}
Cosgrove, T., Phipps, J.S., Richardson, R.M., Hair, M.L. & Guzonas, D.A. Adsorbed Block-Copolymer of Poly(2-Vinylpyridine) and Polystyrene Studied by Neutron Reflectivity and Surface Force Techniques 1993 Macromolecules
Vol. 26(16), pp. 4363-4367 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1993,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Phipps, J. S. and Richardson, R. M. and Hair, M. L. and Guzonas, D. A.},
  title = {Adsorbed Block-Copolymer of Poly(2-Vinylpyridine) and Polystyrene Studied by Neutron Reflectivity and Surface Force Techniques},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {26},
  number = {16},
  pages = {4363-4367}
}
Cosgrove, T., Shar, J., Obey, T., Richardson, R., Clifton, B., Griffiths, P.C., Booth, C. & Yu, G.E. The adsorption of tri-block copolymers at the solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces 1996 Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society
Vol. 212, pp. 153-COLL 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosgrove1996,
  author = {Cosgrove, T. and Shar, J. and Obey, T. and Richardson, R. and Clifton, B. and Griffiths, P. C. and Booth, C. and Yu, G. E.},
  title = {The adsorption of tri-block copolymers at the solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces},
  journal = {Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {212},
  pages = {153-COLL},
  note = {Part 1}
}
COULTER, P., HANNA, S. & WINDLE, A.H. A Methodology For Determining The Crystal-Structures Of Polymers Using Powder X-Ray-Diffraction And Molecular Modeling 1989 Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society
Vol. 198, pp. 244-POLY 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{COULTER1989a,
  author = {COULTER, P. and HANNA, S. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {A Methodology For Determining The Crystal-Structures Of Polymers Using Powder X-Ray-Diffraction And Molecular Modeling},
  journal = {Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {198},
  pages = {244--POLY}
}
COULTER, P.D., HANNA, S. & WINDLE, A.H. Parent Homopolymers Of Liquid-Crystalline Polyesters 1989 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 5(5), pp. 1603-1618 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{COULTER1989,
  author = {COULTER, P. D. and HANNA, S. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Parent Homopolymers Of Liquid-Crystalline Polyesters},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {5},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1603--1618}
}
Dalgliesh, R.M., Lau, Y.G.J., Richardson, R.M. & Riley, D.J. Millisecond time resolution neutron reflection from a nematic liquid crystal 2004 Review of Scientific Instruments
Vol. 75(9), pp. 2955-2959 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Dalgliesh2004,
  author = {Dalgliesh, R. M. and Lau, Y. G. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Riley, D. J.},
  title = {Millisecond time resolution neutron reflection from a nematic liquid crystal},
  journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {75},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2955-2959}
}
Daniel, M.F., Leadbetter, A.J. & Richardson, R.M. Intramolecular and Intermolecular Dynamics in the 2 Crystal Phases of Ferrocene Carboxaldehyde 1981 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii
Vol. 77, pp. 1851-1863 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Daniel1981,
  author = {Daniel, M. F. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Intramolecular and Intermolecular Dynamics in the 2 Crystal Phases of Ferrocene Carboxaldehyde},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {1851-1863},
  note = {Part 10}
}
Date, R.W., Hamley, I.W., Luckhurst, G.R., Seddon, J.M. & Richardson, R.M. Orientational Ordering in Liquid-Crystals - Isotope Labeling Neutron-Diffraction Experiments 1992 Molecular Physics
Vol. 76(4), pp. 951-977 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Date1992,
  author = {Date, R. W. and Hamley, I. W. and Luckhurst, G. R. and Seddon, J. M. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Orientational Ordering in Liquid-Crystals - Isotope Labeling Neutron-Diffraction Experiments},
  journal = {Molecular Physics},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {76},
  number = {4},
  pages = {951-977}
}
Dent, N., Grundy, M.J., Richardson, R.M., Roser, S.J., McKeown, N.B. & Cook, M.J. X-Ray and Neutron-Scattering from Spread Monolayers and Lb Films 1988 Journal De Chimie Physique Et De Physico-Chimie Biologique
Vol. 85(11-12), pp. 1003-1008 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Dent1988,
  author = {Dent, N. and Grundy, M. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J. and McKeown, N. B. and Cook, M. J.},
  title = {X-Ray and Neutron-Scattering from Spread Monolayers and Lb Films},
  journal = {Journal De Chimie Physique Et De Physico-Chimie Biologique},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {85},
  number = {11-12},
  pages = {1003-1008}
}
Dickinson, E., Horne, D.S., Phipps, J.S. & Richardson, R.M. A Neutron Reflectivity Study of the Adsorption of Beta-Casein at Fluid Interfaces 1993 Langmuir
Vol. 9(1), pp. 242-248 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Dickinson1993a,
  author = {Dickinson, E. and Horne, D. S. and Phipps, J. S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {A Neutron Reflectivity Study of the Adsorption of Beta-Casein at Fluid Interfaces},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {242-248}
}
Dickinson, E., Horne, D.S. & Richardson, R.M. Neutron Reflectivity Study of the Competitive Adsorption of Beta-Casein and Water-Soluble Surfactant at the Planar Air-Water-Interface 1993 Food Hydrocolloids
Vol. 7(6), pp. 497-505 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Dickinson1993,
  author = {Dickinson, E. and Horne, D. S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Neutron Reflectivity Study of the Competitive Adsorption of Beta-Casein and Water-Soluble Surfactant at the Planar Air-Water-Interface},
  journal = {Food Hydrocolloids},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {7},
  number = {6},
  pages = {497-505}
}
Downton, M.T. & Hanna, S. Atomistic modelling of liquid-crystal surface modification 2006 Europhysics Letters
Vol. 74(1), pp. 69-75 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Downton2006,
  author = {Downton, M. T. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Atomistic modelling of liquid-crystal surface modification},
  journal = {Europhysics Letters},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {74},
  number = {1},
  pages = {69--75}
}
Driessen, A., Geuzebroek, D., Hoekstra, H., Kelderman, H., Klein, E., Klunder, D., Roeloffzen, C., Tan, F., Krioukov, E., Otto, C., Gersen, H., van Hulst, N. & Kuipers, L. Microresonators as building blocks for VLSI photonics 2004
Vol. 709MICRORESONATORS AS BUILDING BLOCKS FOR VLSI PHOTONICS, pp. 1-18 
inproceedings  
Abstract: In the last years much effort has been taken to arrive at optical integrated circuits with high complexity and advanced functionality. For this aim high index contrast structures are employed resulting in photonic wires in conventional index guiding waveguides or in photonic bandgap structures. In both cases the number of functional elements within a given chip area can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude: VLSI photonics. In this talk optical microresonators are presented as promising basic building blocks for filtering, amplification, modulation, switching and sensing. Active functions can be obtained by monolithic integration or a hybrid approach using materials with thermo-, electro- and opto-optic properties and materials with optical gain. Examples are mainly taken from work at MESA(+).
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ISI:000222597700001,
  author = {Driessen, A and Geuzebroek, DH and Hoekstra, HJWM and Kelderman, H and Klein, EJ and Klunder, DJW and Roeloffzen, CGH and Tan, FS and Krioukov, E and Otto, C and Gersen, H and van Hulst, NF and Kuipers, L},
  title = {Microresonators as building blocks for VLSI photonics},
  booktitle = {MICRORESONATORS AS BUILDING BLOCKS FOR VLSI PHOTONICS},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {709},
  pages = {1-18},
  note = {39th Course of the International-School-of-Quantum-Electronics, Erice, ITALY, OCT 18-25, 2003}
}
van Duijneveldt, J.S., Klein, S., Leach, E., Pizzey, C. & Richardson, R.M. Large scale structures in liquid crystal/clay colloids 2005 Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter
Vol. 17(15), pp. 2255-2267 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Duijneveldt2005,
  author = {van Duijneveldt, J. S. and Klein, S. and Leach, E. and Pizzey, C. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Large scale structures in liquid crystal/clay colloids},
  journal = {Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {17},
  number = {15},
  pages = {2255-2267}
}
Dunleavy, M., Somerton, C. & Richardson, R.M. Synthesis and Liquid-Crystal Properties of 4-Alkoxybenzylidene-4'-Aminocinnamic Acid 1-Trifluoromethylalkyl Esters - the Abact Series 1988 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 3(5), pp. 605-615 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Dunleavy1988,
  author = {Dunleavy, M. and Somerton, C. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Synthesis and Liquid-Crystal Properties of 4-Alkoxybenzylidene-4'-Aminocinnamic Acid 1-Trifluoromethylalkyl Esters - the Abact Series},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {605-615}
}
Dunn, P.E., Gass, P.A., Haslam, S.D., Jenkins, S.A., Jones, J.C., Richardson, R.M. & Taylor, L. Layer and director profiles in ferroelectric liquid crystal displays subjected to mechanical damage 1999 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 328, pp. 357-365 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Dunn1999,
  author = {Dunn, P. E. and Gass, P. A. and Haslam, S. D. and Jenkins, S. A. and Jones, J. C. and Richardson, R. M. and Taylor, L.},
  title = {Layer and director profiles in ferroelectric liquid crystal displays subjected to mechanical damage},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {328},
  pages = {357-365}
}
Dunton, P.G., Mawby, W.J., Shaw, V.A. & Walsby, A.E. Analysis of tryptic digests indicates regions of GvpC that bind to gas vesicles of Anabaena flos-aquae 2006 Microbiology-Sgm
Vol. 152, pp. 1661-1669 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dunton2006,
  author = {Dunton, P. G. and Mawby, W. J. and Shaw, V. A. and Walsby, A. E.},
  title = {Analysis of tryptic digests indicates regions of GvpC that bind to gas vesicles of Anabaena flos-aquae},
  journal = {Microbiology-Sgm},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {152},
  pages = {1661-1669},
  note = {6},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28755-0}
}
Dunton, P.G. & Walsby, A.E. The diameter and critical collapse pressure of gas vesicles in Microcystis are correlated with GvpCs of different length 2005 Fems Microbiology Letters
Vol. 247(1), pp. 37-43 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dunton2005,
  author = {Dunton, P. G. and Walsby, A. E.},
  title = {The diameter and critical collapse pressure of gas vesicles in Microcystis are correlated with GvpCs of different length},
  journal = {Fems Microbiology Letters},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {247},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37-43},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.04.026}
}
Ebbutt, J., Richardson, R.M., Blackmore, J., McDonnell, D.G. & Verrall, M. The influence of the backbone on the structure of side-chain liquid crystal polymers 1995 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 261, pp. 549-566 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Ebbutt1995,
  author = {Ebbutt, J. and Richardson, R. M. and Blackmore, J. and McDonnell, D. G. and Verrall, M.},
  title = {The influence of the backbone on the structure of side-chain liquid crystal polymers},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {261},
  pages = {549-566}
}
Ebbutt, J., Richardson, R.M., Taylor, L., Blackwood, K.M., Sage, I.C., Beattie, D.R. & Verrall, M. Layer Structure in Processed Ferroelectric Side-Chain Liquid-Crystal Polymers 1996 Ferroelectrics
Vol. 181, pp. 261-276 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Ebbutt1996,
  author = {Ebbutt, J. and Richardson, R. M. and Taylor, L. and Blackwood, K. M. and Sage, I. C. and Beattie, D. R. and Verrall, M.},
  title = {Layer Structure in Processed Ferroelectric Side-Chain Liquid-Crystal Polymers},
  journal = {Ferroelectrics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {181},
  pages = {261-276}
}
Ebrahimzadeh, M., Turnbull, G.A., Edwards, T.J., Stothard, D.J.M., Lindsay, I.D. & Dunn, M.H. Intracavity continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillators 1999 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B.
Vol. 16(9), pp. 1499-1511 
article DOI  
Abstract: The operating characteristics and experimental performance of continuous-wave (cw) singly resonant optical parametric oscillators (ICSRO's) pumped internally to the cavity of the pump laser are described. We outline the operating principles, design criteria, and optimization procedure for maximum downconversion and power extraction, and highlight the merits of the intracavity approach, including low input power requirement, potential for 100% downconversion efficiency, high-power operational stability, and power scalability. The predicted behavior and many of the attractive practical features of these devices are demonstrated in cw ICSRO's based on the birefringent nonlinear materials KTiOPO4 and KTiOAsO4 and on the quasi-phase-matched nonlinear materials periodically poled LiNbO3, RbTiOAsO4, and KTiOPO4, pumped internally to cw Ti:sapphire- and diode-pumped solid-state lasers. Maximum extracted infrared powers of 1.46 W, downconversion efficiencies of as much as 90%, minimum input power thresholds of 310 mW, and wavelength tuning to 4 mu m in the mid-infrared are demonstrated. (C) 1999 Optical Society of America [S0740-3224(99)01809-3].
BibTeX:
@article{Ebrahimzadeh1999,
  author = {Ebrahimzadeh, M. and Turnbull, G. A. and Edwards, T. J. and Stothard, D. J. M. and Lindsay, I. D. and Dunn, M. H.},
  title = {Intracavity continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillators},
  journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B.},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {16},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1499-1511},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.16.001499}
}
Eckert, R., Freyland, J., Gersen, H., Heinzelmann, H. & Schurmann, G. Near-field optical microscopy based on microfabricated probes 2001 JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD
Vol. 202(Part 1), pp. 7-11 
article  
Abstract: We demonstrate high resolution imaging with microfabricated, cantilevered probes, consisting of solid quartz tips on silicon levers. The tips are covered by a 60-nm thick layer of aluminium, which appears to be closed at the apex when investigated by transmission electron microscopy. An instrument specifically built for cantilever probes was used to record images of latex bead projection patterns in transmission as well as single molecule fluorescence. All images were recorded in constant height mode and show optical resolutions down to 32 nm.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000168378900003,
  author = {Eckert, R and Freyland, JM and Gersen, H and Heinzelmann, H and Schurmann, G},
  title = {Near-field optical microscopy based on microfabricated probes},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {202},
  number = {Part 1},
  pages = {7-11},
  note = {6th International Conference on Near-field Optics and Related Techniques, ENSCHEDE, NETHERLANDS, AUG 27-31, 2000}
}
Eckert, R., Freyland, J., Gersen, H., Heinzelmann, H., Schurmann, G., Noell, W., Staufer, U. & de Rooij, N. Near-field fluorescence imaging with 32 nm resolution based on microfabricated cantilevered probes 2000 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
Vol. 77(23), pp. 3695-3697 
article  
Abstract: High-resolution near-field optical imaging with microfabricated probes is demonstrated. The probes are made from solid quartz tips fabricated at the end of silicon cantilevers and covered with a 60-nm-thick aluminum film. Transmission electron micrographs indicate a continuous aluminum layer at the tip apex. A specially designed instrument combines the advantages of near-field optical and beam-deflection force microscopy. Near-field optical data of latex bead projection patterns in transmission and of single fluorophores have been obtained in constant-height imaging mode. An artifact-free optical resolution of 31.7 +/-3.6 nm has been deduced from full width at half maximum values of single molecule images. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(00)05449-8].
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000165584700005,
  author = {Eckert, R and Freyland, JM and Gersen, H and Heinzelmann, H and Schurmann, G and Noell, W and Staufer, U and de Rooij, NF},
  title = {Near-field fluorescence imaging with 32 nm resolution based on microfabricated cantilevered probes},
  journal = {APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {77},
  number = {23},
  pages = {3695-3697}
}
Edler, K.J., Brennan, T., Roser, S.J., Mann, S. & Richardson, R.M. Formation of CTAB-templated mesophase silicate films from acidic solutions 2003 Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
Vol. 62(3), pp. 165-175 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Edler2003,
  author = {Edler, K. J. and Brennan, T. and Roser, S. J. and Mann, S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Formation of CTAB-templated mesophase silicate films from acidic solutions},
  journal = {Microporous and Mesoporous Materials},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {62},
  number = {3},
  pages = {165-175}
}
Ehlich, R. & Hörber, J.H. Molecular order affecting electron transport through ssDNA 2009 Ultramicroscopy
Vol. 109(8), pp. 1074 - 1079 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: DNA is considered to be the ideal model for studies of electron transport in molecule/conductor systems due to its stability, easily controlled structure and the presumed electrical properties. Scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) studies of single-stranded DNA bound to Au (1 1 1) or Au nanodots with a thiol linker were carried out under ambient conditions. The results show that the electron transfer between the STM tip and the gold is governed by the serial resistance of the oligomer strands and a water film. Electron transfer properties also depend on the alignment of the DNA strands. Measurements show that well-ordered parallel arrangement of the molecules protruding from flat crystalline surfaces is favourable for electron transport compared with unordered arrangements of molecules on spherical nanodots. Nanodots are good candidates for effective charge production by absorption of light allowing chemical reactions to happen at the dots, which can be used for storing the light energy. Understanding electron transport through molecular structures is of crucial importance for the development of such novel photovoltaic devices.
BibTeX:
@article{Ehlich2009,
  author = {Rudolf Ehlich and J.K. Heinrich Hörber},
  title = {Molecular order affecting electron transport through ssDNA},
  journal = {Ultramicroscopy},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {109},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1074 - 1079},
  note = {Proceedings of the 10th International Scanning Probe Microscopy Conference},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TW1-4VY2CDK-3/2/7a3aeac43b5685bce0f713f606e839db},
  doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.03.044}
}
Elliott, J.A. & Hanna, S. A model-independent maximum-entropy method for the inversion of small-angle X-ray diffraction patterns 1999 Journal Of Applied Crystallography
Vol. 32, pp. 1069-1083 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Elliott1999a,
  author = {Elliott, J. A. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {A model-independent maximum-entropy method for the inversion of small-angle X-ray diffraction patterns},
  journal = {Journal Of Applied Crystallography},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {1069--1083}
}
Elliott, J.A., Hanna, S., Elliott, A.M.S. & Cooley, G.E. The swelling behaviour of perfluorinated ionomer membranes in ethanol/water mixtures 2001 Polymer
Vol. 42(5), pp. 2251-2253 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Elliott2001,
  author = {Elliott, J. A. and Hanna, S. and Elliott, A. M. S. and Cooley, G. E.},
  title = {The swelling behaviour of perfluorinated ionomer membranes in ethanol/water mixtures},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {42},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2251--2253}
}
Elliott, J.A., Hanna, S., Elliott, A.M.S. & Cooley, G.E. Interpretation of the small-angle X-ray scattering from swollen and oriented perfluorinated ionomer membranes 2000 Macromolecules
Vol. 33(11), pp. 4161-4171 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Elliott2000,
  author = {Elliott, J. A. and Hanna, S. and Elliott, A. M. S. and Cooley, G. E.},
  title = {Interpretation of the small-angle X-ray scattering from swollen and oriented perfluorinated ionomer membranes},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {33},
  number = {11},
  pages = {4161--4171}
}
Elliott, J.A., Hanna, S., Elliott, A.M.S. & Cooley, G.E. Atomistic simulation and molecular dynamics of model systems for perfluorinated ionomer membranes 1999 Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Vol. 1(20), pp. 4855-4863 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Elliott1999,
  author = {Elliott, J. A. and Hanna, S. and Elliott, A. M. S. and Cooley, G. E.},
  title = {Atomistic simulation and molecular dynamics of model systems for perfluorinated ionomer membranes},
  journal = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {1},
  number = {20},
  pages = {4855--4863}
}
Elliott, J.A., Hanna, S., Newton, J.N., Elliott, A.M.S. & Cooley, G.E. Elimination of orientation in perfluorinated lonomer membranes 2006 Polymer Engineering And Science
Vol. 46(2), pp. 228-234 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Elliott2006,
  author = {Elliott, J. A. and Hanna, S. and Newton, J. N. and Elliott, A. M. S. and Cooley, G. E.},
  title = {Elimination of orientation in perfluorinated lonomer membranes},
  journal = {Polymer Engineering And Science},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {46},
  number = {2},
  pages = {228--234}
}
Elsasser, R., Goodby, J.W., Mehl, G.H., Rodriguez-Martin, D., Richardson, R.M., Photinos, D.J. & Veith, M. Structure-properties relationships in a series of liquid crystals based on carbosilazane cores 2003 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 402, pp. 237-243 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Elsasser2003,
  author = {Elsasser, R. and Goodby, J. W. and Mehl, G. H. and Rodriguez-Martin, D. and Richardson, R. M. and Photinos, D. J. and Veith, M.},
  title = {Structure-properties relationships in a series of liquid crystals based on carbosilazane cores},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {402},
  pages = {237-243}
}
Engel, A. & Miles, M. Nanotechnology at the interface of cell biology, materials science and medicine 2008 Nanotechnology
Vol. 19(38), pp. 380201 (1pp) 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: The atomic force microscope (AFM) and related scanning probe microscopes have become resourceful tools to study cells, supramolecular assemblies and single biomolecules, because they allow investigations of such structures in native environments. Quantitative information has been gathered about the surface structure of membrane proteins to lateral and vertical resolutions of 0.5 nm and 0.1 nm, respectively, about the forces that keep protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid assemblies together as well as single proteins in their native conformation, and about the nanomechanical properties of cells in health and disease. Such progress has been achieved mainly because of constant development of AFM instrumentation and sample preparation methods. This special issue of Nanotechnology presents papers from leading laboratories in the field of nanobiology, covering a wide range of topics in the form of original and novel scientific contributions. It addresses achievements in instrumentation, sample preparation, automation and in biological applications. These papers document the creativity and persistence of researchers pursuing the goal to unravel the structure and dynamics of cells, supramolecuar structures and single biomolecules at work. Improved cantilever sensors, novel optical probes, and quantitative data on supports for electrochemical experiments open new avenues for characterizing biological nanomachines down to the single molecule. Comparative measurements of healthy and metastatic cells promise new methods for early detection of tumors, and possible assessments of drug efficacy. High-speed AFMs document possibilities to monitor crystal growth and to observe large structures at video rate. A wealth of information on amyloid-type fibers as well as on membrane proteins has been gathered by single molecule force spectroscopy--a technology now being automated for large-scale data collection. With the progress of basic research and a strong industry supporting instrumentation development by improving robustness and reliability and making new instruments available to the community, nanobiology has the potential to develop into a field with great impact on our understanding of the complexity of life, and to provide a major contribution to human health. This special issue of Nanotechnology on nanobiology would not have been possible without the highly professional support from Nina Couzin, Amy Harvey and the Nanotechnology team at IOP Publishing. We are thankful for their most constructive and effective help in pushing the project forward. We are also thankful to all the authors who have contributed with excellent original articles, as well as to the referees who have helped to make this special issue such an insightful document of a rapidly moving field.
BibTeX:
@article{Engel2008,
  author = {Andreas Engel and Mervyn Miles},
  title = {Nanotechnology at the interface of cell biology, materials science and medicine},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {19},
  number = {38},
  pages = {380201 (1pp)},
  url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0957-4484/19/380201},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/38/380201}
}
Engelen, R., Karle, T., Gersen, H., Korterik, J., Krauss, T., Kuipers, L. & van Hulst, N. Local probing of Bloch mode dispersion in a photonic crystal waveguide 2005 OPTICS EXPRESS
Vol. 13(12), pp. 4457-4464 
article DOI  
Abstract: The local dispersion relation of a photonic crystal waveguide is directly determined by phase-sensitive near-field microscopy. We readily demonstrate the propagation of Bloch waves by probing the band diagram also beyond the first Brillouin zone. Both TE and TM polarized modes were distinguished in the experimental band diagram. Only the TE polarized defect mode has a distinctive Bloch wave character. The anomalous dispersion of this defect guided mode is demonstrated by local measurements of the group velocity. The measured dispersion relation and measured group velocities are both in good agreement with theoretical calculations. (C) 2005 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000229799200010,
  author = {Engelen, RJP and Karle, TJ and Gersen, H and Korterik, JP and Krauss, TF and Kuipers, L and van Hulst, NF},
  title = {Local probing of Bloch mode dispersion in a photonic crystal waveguide},
  journal = {OPTICS EXPRESS},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {13},
  number = {12},
  pages = {4457-4464},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.004457}
}
Engelen, R.J.P., Sugimoto, Y., Gersen, H., Ikeda, N., Asakawa, K. & Kuipers, L. (K. Ultrafast evolution of photonic eigenstates in k-space 2007 NATURE PHYSICS
Vol. 3(6), pp. 401-405 
article DOI  
Abstract: Periodic structures have a large influence on propagating waves. This holds for various types of waves over a large range of length scales: from electrons in atomic crystals(1) and light in photonic crystals(2-4) to acoustic waves in sonic crystals(5). The eigenstates of these waves are best described with a band structure, which represents the relation between the energy and the wavevector (k). This relation is usually not straightforward: owing to the imposed periodicity, bands are folded into every Brillouin zone, inducing splitting of bands and the appearance of bandgaps. As a result, exciting phenomena such as negative refraction(6,7), auto-collimation of waves(8,9) and low group velocities(10-12) arise. k-space investigations of electronic eigenstates have already yielded new insights into the behaviour of electrons at surfaces and in novel materials(13-16). However, for a complete characterization of a structure, an understanding of the mutual coupling of eigenstates is also essential. Here, we investigate the propagation of light pulses through a photonic crystal structure using a near-field microscope(17,18). Tracking the evolution of the photonic eigenstates in both k-space and time allows us to identify individual eigenstates and to uncover their dynamics and coupling to other eigenstates on femtosecond timescales even when co-localized in real space and time.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000247344400015,
  author = {Engelen, Rob J. P. and Sugimoto, Yoshimasa and Gersen, Henkjan and Ikeda, Naoki and Asakawa, Kiyoshi and Kuipers, L. (Kobus)},
  title = {Ultrafast evolution of photonic eigenstates in k-space},
  journal = {NATURE PHYSICS},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {401-405},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys576}
}
Engeten, R.J.P., Sugimoto, Y., Gersen, H., Ikeda, N., Asakawa, K. & Kuipers, L. Eigenstates of photonic crystal structures visualized in real space and in k-space 2007 ICTON 2007: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, Vol 2, pp. 141-144  inproceedings  
Abstract: Photonic crystal structures allow an unprecedented control of light on length scales equivalent to the wavelength. The intricate interaction of light and the periodic lattice can lead to phenomena like localization, negative refraction and slow light. In order to understand the optical behaviour of such novel structures, an investigation of the underlying photonic eigenstates is crucial, since the propagation of light through them is governed by their photonic eigenstates and the coupling between these states. Here we investigate the propagation of light pulses through a complex photonic crystal device in real-time. Analysis of the photonic eigenstates in k-space allows different states to be identified. By tracking the evolution of the eigenstates in both k-space and time, we uncover the dynamics of the eigenstates and their mutual coupling directly on femtosecond time-scales.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ISI:000250511200043,
  author = {Engeten, R. J. P. and Sugimoto, Y. and Gersen, H. and Ikeda, N. and Asakawa, K. and Kuipers, L.},
  title = {Eigenstates of photonic crystal structures visualized in real space and in k-space},
  booktitle = {ICTON 2007: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, Vol 2},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {141-144},
  note = {9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON 2007), Rome, ITALY, JUL 01-05, 2007}
}
FISCHER, H., MILES, M.J. & ODELL, J.A. Atomic-Force Microscopy Of The Banded Structure Of Lyotropic Polymers 1994 Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Vol. 15(11), pp. 815-821 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{FISCHER1994,
  author = {FISCHER, H. and MILES, M. J. and ODELL, J. A.},
  title = {Atomic-Force Microscopy Of The Banded Structure Of Lyotropic Polymers},
  journal = {Macromolecular Rapid Communications},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {15},
  number = {11},
  pages = {815--821}
}
Fleischer, M., Stade, F., Heeren, A., Häffner, M., Braun, K., Stanciu, C., Ehlich, R., Hörber, J., Meixner, A. & Kern, D. Nanocones on transparent substrates for investigations in scanning probe microscopes 2009 Microelectronic Engineering
Vol. 86(4-6), pp. 1219 - 1221 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Under excitation with an external electromagnetic field, gold nanocones act as efficient optical antennas. In this work, a process developed for the fabrication of sharp-tipped gold nanocones on silicon is extended to transparent substrates covered by a thin conducting layer. In this configuration, the cones can be investigated in scanning probe microscopes while illuminating from below. The electric coupling between cones and substrate and between individual cones can be varied by a precise thinning of the conducting layer via a fine-tuning of the original layer thicknesses.
BibTeX:
@article{Fleischer2009,
  author = {M. Fleischer and F. Stade and A. Heeren and M. Häffner and K. Braun and C. Stanciu and R. Ehlich and J.K.H. Hörber and A.J. Meixner and D.P. Kern},
  title = {Nanocones on transparent substrates for investigations in scanning probe microscopes},
  journal = {Microelectronic Engineering},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {86},
  number = {4-6},
  pages = {1219 - 1221},
  note = {MNE '08 - The 34th International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Engineering (MNE)},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V0W-4V42J2R-5/2/bef07b001f4842532cadc68104738f78},
  doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.mee.2008.11.091}
}
Frost, J.C., Leadbetter, A.J. & Richardson, R.M. Methyl-Group Motions and Potential in Tert-Butyl Cyanide 1982 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii
Vol. 78, pp. 2139-2154 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Frost1982b,
  author = {Frost, J. C. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Methyl-Group Motions and Potential in Tert-Butyl Cyanide},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {2139-2154},
  note = {Part 12}
}
Frost, J.C., Leadbetter, A.J. & Richardson, R.M. The Phase-Transition in Tert-Butyl Cyanide [(Ch3)3ccn] 1980 Faraday Discussions, pp. 32-48  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Frost1980,
  author = {Frost, J. C. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {The Phase-Transition in Tert-Butyl Cyanide [(Ch3)3ccn]},
  journal = {Faraday Discussions},
  year = {1980},
  pages = {32-48}
}
Frost, J.C., Leadbetter, A.J. & Richardson, R.M. Molecular-Crystals and Liquid-Crystals - New Results for Tert-Butyl Chloride 1980 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences
Vol. 290(1043), pp. 567-582 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Frost1980a,
  author = {Frost, J. C. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Molecular-Crystals and Liquid-Crystals - New Results for Tert-Butyl Chloride},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {290},
  number = {1043},
  pages = {567-582}
}
Frost, J.C., Leadbetter, A.J., Richardson, R.M., Ward, R.C., Goodby, J.W., Gray, G.W. & Pawley, G.S. Structure Determination of the Low-Temperature Phase of Tertiary Butyl Cyanide by the Constrained Profile Refinement of the Powder Diffraction Pattern 1982 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii
Vol. 78, pp. 179-192 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Frost1982a,
  author = {Frost, J. C. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Ward, R. C. and Goodby, J. W. and Gray, G. W. and Pawley, G. S.},
  title = {Structure Determination of the Low-Temperature Phase of Tertiary Butyl Cyanide by the Constrained Profile Refinement of the Powder Diffraction Pattern},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {179-192},
  note = {Part 1}
}
Frost, J.C., Leadbetter, A.J., Ward, R.C. & Richardson, R.M. Structural-Changes Associated with the Phase-Transition in Tert-Butyl Cyanide 1982 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii
Vol. 78, pp. 1009-1023 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Frost1982,
  author = {Frost, J. C. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Ward, R. C. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Structural-Changes Associated with the Phase-Transition in Tert-Butyl Cyanide},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {1009-1023},
  note = {Part 7}
}
Gane, P.A.C., Leadbetter, A.J., Ward, R.C., Richardson, R.M. & Pannetier, J. Structure of the Disordered Phase of Tert-Butyl Cyanide Determined Using Neutron-Scattering Methods 1982 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii
Vol. 78, pp. 995-1008 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Gane1982,
  author = {Gane, P. A. C. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Ward, R. C. and Richardson, R. M. and Pannetier, J.},
  title = {Structure of the Disordered Phase of Tert-Butyl Cyanide Determined Using Neutron-Scattering Methods},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {995-1008},
  note = {Part 7}
}
Gardner, A.B., Howard, J., Waddington, T.C., Richardson, R.M. & Tomkinson, J. The Dynamics of Ring Rotation in Ferrocene, Nickelocene and Ruthenocene by Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering 1981 Chemical Physics
Vol. 57(3), pp. 453-460 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Gardner1981,
  author = {Gardner, A. B. and Howard, J. and Waddington, T. C. and Richardson, R. M. and Tomkinson, J.},
  title = {The Dynamics of Ring Rotation in Ferrocene, Nickelocene and Ruthenocene by Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering},
  journal = {Chemical Physics},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {57},
  number = {3},
  pages = {453-460}
}
GATHERCOLE, L.J., MILES, M.J., MCMASTER, T.J. & HOLMES, D.F. Scanning Probe Microscopy Of Collagen-I And Pn-Collagen-I Assemblies And The Relevance To Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy Contrast Generation In Proteins 1993 Journal Of The Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions
Vol. 89(15), pp. 2589-2594 
article  
Abstract: Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been carried out on hydrated fibrous assemblies of collagen I and pN-collagen I. STM of calf-skin collagen I that had been allowed to assemble on a graphite substrate showed the predicted 8 nm diameter microfibrils, arrays of which showed a 67 nm repeat. A detailed contrast variation along the microfibrils was observed, corresponding to the established stain banding observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and associated with hydrophilic, charged amino acid side chains along the staggered-molecule microfibril. This indicates that adsorbed water is an important mediator of STM imaging in insulators such as proteins. AFM images were obtained of D-periodic assemblies of pN-collagen deposited on carbon-coated copper TEM grids. The use of carbon-coated TEM grids as an SPM substrate allows experiments to be performed on the same samples, and correlation made between TEM and SPM images.
BibTeX:
@article{GATHERCOLE1993,
  author = {GATHERCOLE, L. J. and MILES, M. J. and MCMASTER, T. J. and HOLMES, D. F.},
  title = {Scanning Probe Microscopy Of Collagen-I And Pn-Collagen-I Assemblies And The Relevance To Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy Contrast Generation In Proteins},
  journal = {Journal Of The Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {89},
  number = {15},
  pages = {2589--2594}
}
Gersen, H., Balistreri, M., Klunder, D., Korterik, J., Driessen, A., van Hulst, N. & Kuipers, L. Pulse tracking in complex photonic structures 2004 ICTON 2004: 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS, VOL 1, pp. 266-270  inproceedings  
Abstract: Time-resolved near-field microscopy allows the propagation of ultrafast pulses to be visualized en route while they travel through complex photonic structures. These measurements enable the unambiguous determination of both local phase and group velocities. We illustrate this powerful technique by tracking an ultrashort wavepacket as it completes several roundtrips in a ring resonator.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ISI:000224408100056,
  author = {Gersen, H and Balistreri, MLM and Klunder, DJW and Korterik, JP and Driessen, A and van Hulst, NF and Kuipers, L},
  title = {Pulse tracking in complex photonic structures},
  booktitle = {ICTON 2004: 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS, VOL 1},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {266-270},
  note = {6th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON 2004), Wroclaw, POLAND, JUL 04-08, 2004}
}
Gersen, H., van Dijk, E., Korterik, J., van Hulst, N. & Kuipers, L. Phase mapping of ultrashort pulses in bimodal photonic structures: A window on local group velocity dispersion 2004 PHYSICAL REVIEW E
Vol. 70(6, Part 2) 
article DOI  
Abstract: The amplitude and phase evolution of ultrashort pulses in a bimodal waveguide structure has been studied with a time-resolved photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM). When waveguide modes overlap in time intriguing phase patterns are observed. Phase singularities, arising from interference between different modes, are normally expected at equidistant intervals determined by the difference in effective index for the two modes. However, in the pulsed experiments the distance between individual singularities is found to change not only within one measurement frame, but even depends strongly on the reference time. To understand this observation it is necessary to take into account that the actual pulses generating the interference signal change shape upon propagation through a dispersive medium. This implies that the spatial distribution of phase singularities contains direct information on local dispersion characteristics. At the same time also the mode profiles, wave vectors, pulse lengths, and group velocities of all excited modes in the waveguide are directly measured. The combination of these parameters with an analytical model for the time-resolved PSTM measurements shows that the unique spatial phase information indeed gives a direct measure for the group velocity dispersion of individual modes. As a result interesting and useful effects, such as pulse compression, pulse spreading, and pulse reshaping become accessible in a local measurement.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000226299200108,
  author = {Gersen, H and van Dijk, EMHP and Korterik, JP and van Hulst, NF and Kuipers, L},
  title = {Phase mapping of ultrashort pulses in bimodal photonic structures: A window on local group velocity dispersion},
  journal = {PHYSICAL REVIEW E},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {70},
  number = {6, Part 2},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.70.066609}
}
Gersen, H., Garcia-Parajo, M., Novotny, L., Veerman, J., Kuipers, L. & van Hulst, N. Influencing the angular emission of a single molecule 2000 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Vol. 85(25), pp. 5312-5315 
article  
Abstract: We present the first experimental proof for the influence of a nearby nanosized metal object on the angular photon emission by a single molecule. Using a novel angular sensitive detection scheme, we directly quantify the redirection of angular emission for different molecular dipole orientations as an object is scanned laterally over the molecule at different heights. An excellent agreement between experiments and 2D-numerical simulations is found for molecules oriented perpendicular to the sample, whereas, for parallel orientations, the observed behavior contradicts the calculated behavior.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000165884200013,
  author = {Gersen, H and Garcia-Parajo, MF and Novotny, L and Veerman, JA and Kuipers, L and van Hulst, NF},
  title = {Influencing the angular emission of a single molecule},
  journal = {PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {85},
  number = {25},
  pages = {5312-5315}
}
Gersen, H., Garcia-Parajo, M., Novotny, L., Veerman, J., Kuipers, L. & Van Hulst, N. Near-field effects in single molecule emission 2001 JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD
Vol. 202(Part 2), pp. 374-378 
article  
Abstract: We present the first experimental proof of the influence of a nearby nano-sized metal object on the angular photon emission by a single molecule. A novel angular sensitive detection scheme is implemented in an existing near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM). The positioning accuracy (similar to1 nm) of the NSOM allows a systematic investigation of the intensity ratio between two different half-spaces as a function of the position of the metal-glass interfaces of the probe with respect to the single emitter. The observed effects are shown to be particularly strong for molecules that are excited mainly below the rims of the aperture. An excellent agreement is found between experiments and numerical simulations for these molecules. The observed angular redistribution of the angular emission of a single molecule could explain the alteration of the emission polarization observed for certain molecules in earlier experiments (Veerman et al (1999) J. Microsc. 194, 477-482).
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000168379100016,
  author = {Gersen, H and Garcia-Parajo, MF and Novotny, L and Veerman, JA and Kuipers, L and Van Hulst, NF},
  title = {Near-field effects in single molecule emission},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {202},
  number = {Part 2},
  pages = {374-378}
}
Gersen, H., Karle, T., Engelen, R., Bogaerts, W., Korterik, J., van Hulst, N., Krauss, T. & Kuipers, L. Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides 2005 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Vol. 94(7) 
article DOI  
Abstract: We show the real-space observation of fast and slow pulses propagating inside a photonic crystal waveguide by time-resolved near-field scanning optical microscopy. Local phase and group velocities of modes are measured. For a specific optical frequency we observe a localized pattern associated with a flat band in the dispersion diagram. During at least 3 ps, movement of this field is hardly discernible: its group velocity would be at most c/1000. The huge trapping times without the use of a cavity reveal new perspectives for dispersion and time control within photonic crystals.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000227245700029,
  author = {Gersen, H and Karle, TJ and Engelen, RJP and Bogaerts, W and Korterik, JP and van Hulst, NF and Krauss, TF and Kuipers, L},
  title = {Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides},
  journal = {PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {94},
  number = {7},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.073903}
}
Gersen, H., Karle, T., Engelen, R., Bogaerts, W., Korterik, J., van Hulst, N., Krauss, T. & Kuipers, L. Direct observation of Bloch harmonics and negative phase velocity in photonic crystal waveguides 2005 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Vol. 94(12) 
article DOI  
Abstract: The eigenfield distribution and the band structure of a photonic crystal waveguide have been measured with a phase-sensitive near-field scanning optical microscope. Bloch modes, which consist of more than one spatial frequency, are visualized in the waveguide. In the band structure, multiple Brillouin zones due to zone folding are observed, in which positive and negative dispersion is seen. The negative slopes are shown to correspond to a negative phase velocity but a positive group velocity. The lateral mode profile for modes separated by one reciprocal lattice vector is found to be different.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000228065600024,
  author = {Gersen, H and Karle, TJ and Engelen, RJP and Bogaerts, W and Korterik, JP and van Hulst, NF and Krauss, TF and Kuipers, L},
  title = {Direct observation of Bloch harmonics and negative phase velocity in photonic crystal waveguides},
  journal = {PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {94},
  number = {12},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.123901}
}
Gersen, H., Klunder, D., Korterik, J., Driessen, A., van Hulst, N. & Kuipers, L. Propagation of a femtosecond pulse in a microresonator visualized in time 2004 OPTICS LETTERS
Vol. 29(11), pp. 1291-1293 
article  
Abstract: A noninvasive pulse-tracking technique has been exploited to observe the time-resolved motion of an ultrashort light pulse within an integrated optical microresonator. We follow a pulse as it completes several round trips in the resonator, directly mapping the resonator modes in space and time. Our time-dependent and phase-sensitive measurement provides direct access to the angular group and phase velocity of the modes in the resonator. From the measurement the coupling constants between the access waveguides and the resonator are retrieved while at the same time the loss mechanisms throughout the structure are directly visualized. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000221482100041,
  author = {Gersen, H and Klunder, DJW and Korterik, JP and Driessen, A and van Hulst, NF and Kuipers, L},
  title = {Propagation of a femtosecond pulse in a microresonator visualized in time},
  journal = {OPTICS LETTERS},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {29},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1291-1293}
}
Gersen, H., Korterik, J., van Hulst, N. & Kuipers, L. Tracking ultrashort pulses through dispersive media: Experiment and theory 2003 PHYSICAL REVIEW E
Vol. 68(2, Part 2) 
article DOI  
Abstract: We report on the direct visualization of a femtosecond pulse propagating through a dispersive waveguide at a telecom wavelength. The position of a propagating pulse is pinpointed at a particular point in space and time using a scanning probe based measurement. The actual propagation of the pulse is visualized by changing the reference time. Our phase-sensitive and time-resolved measurement provides local information on all properties of the light pulse as it propagates, in particular its phase and group velocity. Here, we show that the group velocity dispersion can be retrieved from our measurement by developing an analytical model for the measurements performed with a time-resolved photon scanning tunneling microscope. As a result, interesting and useful effects, such as pulse compression, pulse spreading, and pulse reshaping, become accessible in the local measurement.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000185194400098,
  author = {Gersen, H and Korterik, JP and van Hulst, NF and Kuipers, L},
  title = {Tracking ultrashort pulses through dispersive media: Experiment and theory},
  journal = {PHYSICAL REVIEW E},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {68},
  number = {2, Part 2},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.68.026604}
}
Gersen, H., Novotny, L., Kuipers, L. & van Hulst, N.F. On the concept of imaging nanoscale vector fields 2007 NATURE PHOTONICS
Vol. 1(5), pp. 242 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000246367600002,
  author = {Gersen, H. and Novotny, L. and Kuipers, L. and van Hulst, N. F.},
  title = {On the concept of imaging nanoscale vector fields},
  journal = {NATURE PHOTONICS},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {1},
  number = {5},
  pages = {242}
}
Gersen, H., Schaub, R., Xu, W., Stensgaard, I., Laegsgaard, E., Linderoth, T.R., Besenbacher, F., Nazeeruddin, M.K. & Graetzel, M. Dissociation of iridium(III) phosphorescent emitters upon adsorption on Cu(110) revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy 2006 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
Vol. 89(26) 
article DOI  
Abstract: The phosphorescent emitters used in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) play a crucial role for tuning the color and the luminescence intensity. The authors have investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy the adsorption of iridium(III) phosphorescent emitter molecules used in OLEDs on a partly oxidized Cu(110) surface. Surprisingly they find that 50% of the emitters have dissociated upon adsorption at the substrate. The findings suggest that the decrease in the lifetime of OLEDs, which are manufactured by vacuum vaporization technique, is due to the dissociation of emitter molecules present in the device. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000243157600117,
  author = {Gersen, H. and Schaub, R. and Xu, W. and Stensgaard, I. and Laegsgaard, E. and Linderoth, T. R. and Besenbacher, F. and Nazeeruddin, Md. K. and Graetzel, M.},
  title = {Dissociation of iridium(III) phosphorescent emitters upon adsorption on Cu(110) revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy},
  journal = {APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {89},
  number = {26},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2424675}
}
Gibson, G., Carberry, D.M., Whyte, G., Leach, J., Courtial, J., Jackson, J.C., Robert, D., Miles, M. & Padgett, M. Holographic assembly workstation for optical manipulation 2008 Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics
Vol. 10(4), pp. 044009 (6pp) 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: We report a holographic assembler workstation for optical trapping and micro-manipulation. The workstation is based on a titanium sapphire laser, making it particularly suited for biomaterials and incorporates a choice of user interfaces for different applications. The system is designed around a commercial inverted microscope and is configured such that it can be easily used by the non-specialist. We demonstrate the bio-capabilities of our system by manipulating a group of yeast cells, a single red blood cell and a single cell of the green algae colony Volvox.
BibTeX:
@article{Gibson2008,
  author = {Graham Gibson and David M Carberry and Graeme Whyte and Jonathan Leach and Johannes Courtial and Joseph C Jackson and Daniel Robert and Mervyn Miles and Miles Padgett},
  title = {Holographic assembly workstation for optical manipulation},
  journal = {Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {044009 (6pp)},
  url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1464-4258/10/044009},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/10/4/044009}
}
GOLOMBOK, R., HANNA, S. & WINDLE, A.H. Order In Main Chain Thermotropic Random Copolymers 1988 Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals
Vol. 155, pp. 281-297 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{GOLOMBOK1988,
  author = {GOLOMBOK, R. and HANNA, S. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Order In Main Chain Thermotropic Random Copolymers},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {155},
  pages = {281--297}
}
Grieve, J.A., Ulcinas, A., Subramanian, S., Gibson, G.M., Padgett, M.J., Carberry, D.M. & Miles, M.J. Hands-on with optical tweezers: a multitouch interface for holographic optical trapping 2009 Optics Express
Vol. 17(5), pp. 3595-3602 
article DOI  
Abstract: We report the implementation of a multitouch console for control of a holographic optical tweezers system. This innovative interface enables the independent but simultaneous interactive control of numerous optical traps by multiple users, overcoming the limitations of traditional interfaces and placing the full power of holographic optical tweezing into the operators' hands. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America
BibTeX:
@article{Grieve2009,
  author = {Grieve, J. A. and Ulcinas, A. and Subramanian, S. and Gibson, G. M. and Padgett, M. J. and Carberry, D. M. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Hands-on with optical tweezers: a multitouch interface for holographic optical trapping},
  journal = {Optics Express},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {17},
  number = {5},
  pages = {3595--3602},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.003595}
}
Grundy, M.J., Musgrove, R.J., Richardson, R.M., Roser, S.J. & Penfold, J. Effect of Dipping Rate on Alternating Layer Langmuir-Blodgett-Film Structure 1990 Langmuir
Vol. 6(2), pp. 519-521 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Grundy1990,
  author = {Grundy, M. J. and Musgrove, R. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J. and Penfold, J.},
  title = {Effect of Dipping Rate on Alternating Layer Langmuir-Blodgett-Film Structure},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {519-521}
}
Grundy, M.J., Richardson, R.M., Beamson, G., Brennan, W.J., Howard, J. & Oneill, M. Neutron Reflection from Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon-Films 1989 Journal De Physique
Vol. 50(C7), pp. C7197-C7201 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Grundy1989a,
  author = {Grundy, M. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Beamson, G. and Brennan, W. J. and Howard, J. and Oneill, M.},
  title = {Neutron Reflection from Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon-Films},
  journal = {Journal De Physique},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {50},
  number = {C7},
  pages = {C7197-C7201},
  note = {Suppl. 7}
}
Grundy, M.J., Richardson, R.M., Roser, S.J., Beamson, G., Brennan, W.J., Howard, J., Oneil, M., Penfold, J., Shackleton, C. & Ward, R.C. Characterization of Plasma-Deposited Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon-Films by Neutron Reflectivity 1989 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 172(2), pp. 269-282 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Grundy1989,
  author = {Grundy, M. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J. and Beamson, G. and Brennan, W. J. and Howard, J. and Oneil, M. and Penfold, J. and Shackleton, C. and Ward, R. C.},
  title = {Characterization of Plasma-Deposited Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon-Films by Neutron Reflectivity},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {172},
  number = {2},
  pages = {269-282}
}
Grundy, M.J., Richardson, R.M., Roser, S.J., Penfold, J. & Ward, R.C. X-Ray and Neutron Reflectivity from Spread Monolayers 1988 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 159, pp. 43-52 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Grundy1988,
  author = {Grundy, M. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J. and Penfold, J. and Ward, R. C.},
  title = {X-Ray and Neutron Reflectivity from Spread Monolayers},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {43-52}
}
GUNNING, A.P., MCMASTER, T.J. & MORRIS, V.J. Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy Of Xanthan Gum (Vol 21, Pg 47, 1993) 1994 Carbohydrate Polymers
Vol. 23(2), pp. 155-155 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{GUNNING1994,
  author = {GUNNING, A. P. and MCMASTER, T. J. and MORRIS, V. J.},
  title = {Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy Of Xanthan Gum (Vol 21, Pg 47, 1993)},
  journal = {Carbohydrate Polymers},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {155--155}
}
GUNNING, A.P., MCMASTER, T.J. & MORRIS, V.J. Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy Of Xanthan Gum 1993 Carbohydrate Polymers
Vol. 21(1), pp. 47-51 
article  
Abstract: Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has been used to obtain images of the bacterial polysaccharide xanthan gum. The polysaccharide was deposited onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite from a concentrated (100 mg ml-1) aqueous dispersion. The viscoelastic deposit was sheared in order to induce molecular alignment and then imaged in air. STM studies revealed aggregates of stiff, aligned rod-shaped molecules.
BibTeX:
@article{GUNNING1993,
  author = {GUNNING, A. P. and MCMASTER, T. J. and MORRIS, V. J.},
  title = {Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy Of Xanthan Gum},
  journal = {Carbohydrate Polymers},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {47--51}
}
HALLETT, P., OFFER, G. & MILES, M.J. Atomic-Force Microscopy Of The Myosin Molecule 1995 Biophysical Journal
Vol. 68(4), pp. 1604-1606 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to study the structure of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin deposited onto a mica substrate from glycerol solution. Images of the myosin molecule have been obtained using contact mode AFM with the sample immersed in propanol. The molecules have two heads at one end of a long tail and have an appearance similar to those prepared by glycero[ deposition techniques for electron microscopy, except that the separation of the two heads is not so well defined. The average length of the tail (155 +/- 5 nm) agrees well with previous studies. Bends in the myosin tail have been observed at locations similar to those observed in the electron microscope. BY raising the applied force, it has been possible locally to separate the two strands of the alpha-helical coiled-coil tail. We conclude that the glycerol-mica technique is a useful tool for the preparation of fibrous proteins for examination by scanning probe microscopy.
BibTeX:
@article{HALLETT1995,
  author = {HALLETT, P. and OFFER, G. and MILES, M. J.},
  title = {Atomic-Force Microscopy Of The Myosin Molecule},
  journal = {Biophysical Journal},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {68},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1604--1606}
}
Hamley, I.W., Fairclough, J.P.A., King, S.M., Pedersen, J.S., Richardson, R.M., Imrie, C.T. & Craig, A.A. A small angle neutron scattering study of the conformation of a side chain liquid crystal poly(methacrylate) in the smectic C phase 1997 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 22(6), pp. 679-684 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hamley1997,
  author = {Hamley, I. W. and Fairclough, J. P. A. and King, S. M. and Pedersen, J. S. and Richardson, R. M. and Imrie, C. T. and Craig, A. A.},
  title = {A small angle neutron scattering study of the conformation of a side chain liquid crystal poly(methacrylate) in the smectic C phase},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {22},
  number = {6},
  pages = {679-684}
}
Hamley, I.W., Garnett, S., Luckhurst, G.R., Roskilly, S.J., Pedersen, J.S., Richardson, R.M. & Seddon, J.M. Orientational ordering in the nematic phase of a thermotropic liquid crystal: A small angle neutron scattering study 1996 Journal of Chemical Physics
Vol. 104(24), pp. 10046-10054 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hamley1996,
  author = {Hamley, I. W. and Garnett, S. and Luckhurst, G. R. and Roskilly, S. J. and Pedersen, J. S. and Richardson, R. M. and Seddon, J. M.},
  title = {Orientational ordering in the nematic phase of a thermotropic liquid crystal: A small angle neutron scattering study},
  journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {104},
  number = {24},
  pages = {10046-10054}
}
Hamley, I.W., Luckhurst, G.R., Richardson, R.M. & Santos, F. A neutron scattering study of orientational ordering in the smectic and nematic phases of the liquid crystal, 2('),3(')-difluoro-4-heptyl-4('')-nonyl p-terphenyl 2002 Journal of Chemical Physics
Vol. 116(9), pp. 3887-3899 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hamley2002,
  author = {Hamley, I. W. and Luckhurst, G. R. and Richardson, R. M. and Santos, F.},
  title = {A neutron scattering study of orientational ordering in the smectic and nematic phases of the liquid crystal, 2('),3(')-difluoro-4-heptyl-4('')-nonyl p-terphenyl},
  journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {116},
  number = {9},
  pages = {3887-3899}
}
Hanna, S., Baker, A.M.E. & Windle, A.H. Application of a CCD-based X-ray diffractometer to polymer fibre diffraction 1998 Polymer
Vol. 39(12), pp. 2409-2414 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hanna1998,
  author = {Hanna, S. and Baker, A. M. E. and Windle, A. H.},
  title = {Application of a CCD-based X-ray diffractometer to polymer fibre diffraction},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {39},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2409--2414}
}
Hanna, S. & Barham, P.J. Predicted small and wide-angle X-ray scattering intensities from stacks of lamellar crystals. 1999 Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society
Vol. 218, pp. U642-U642 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hanna1999,
  author = {Hanna, S. and Barham, P. J.},
  title = {Predicted small and wide-angle X-ray scattering intensities from stacks of lamellar crystals.},
  journal = {Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {218},
  pages = {U642--U642}
}
HANNA, S., COULTER, P.D. & WINDLE, A.H. Determination Of The Crystal-Structure Of Poly-(P-Phenylene Terephthalate) From Power Diffraction Data - A Computer Modeling Approach 1995 Journal Of The Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions
Vol. 91(16), pp. 2615-2622 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HANNA1995,
  author = {HANNA, S. and COULTER, P. D. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Determination Of The Crystal-Structure Of Poly-(P-Phenylene Terephthalate) From Power Diffraction Data - A Computer Modeling Approach},
  journal = {Journal Of The Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {91},
  number = {16},
  pages = {2615--2622}
}
HANNA, S., LEMMON, T.J., SPONTAK, R.J. & WINDLE, A.H. Dimensions Of Crystallites In A Thermotropic Random Copolyester 1992 Polymer
Vol. 33(1), pp. 3-10 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HANNA1992,
  author = {HANNA, S. and LEMMON, T. J. and SPONTAK, R. J. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Dimensions Of Crystallites In A Thermotropic Random Copolyester},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--10}
}
HANNA, S., ROMOURIBE, A. & WINDLE, A.H. Sequence Segregation In Molten Liquid-Crystalline Random Copolymers 1993 Nature
Vol. 366(6455), pp. 546-549 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HANNA1993,
  author = {HANNA, S. and ROMOURIBE, A. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Sequence Segregation In Molten Liquid-Crystalline Random Copolymers},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {366},
  number = {6455},
  pages = {546--549}
}
Hanna, S. & Windle, A.H. A novel polymer fibre diffractometer, based on a scanning X-ray-sensitive charge-coupled device 1995 Journal Of Applied Crystallography
Vol. 28, pp. 673-689 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hanna1995,
  author = {Hanna, S. and Windle, A. H.},
  title = {A novel polymer fibre diffractometer, based on a scanning X-ray-sensitive charge-coupled device},
  journal = {Journal Of Applied Crystallography},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {673--689}
}
HANNA, S. & WINDLE, A.H. Diffraction From Aperiodic Crystals Of Mesomorphic Chains 1992 Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society
Vol. 203, pp. 206-POLY 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HANNA1992a,
  author = {HANNA, S. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Diffraction From Aperiodic Crystals Of Mesomorphic Chains},
  journal = {Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {203},
  pages = {206--POLY}
}
HANNA, S. & WINDLE, A.H. The Influence Of Temperature On The Structure Of Poly(2,6-Hydroxynaphthoic Acid) 1992 Polymer
Vol. 33(13), pp. 2825-2833 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HANNA1992b,
  author = {HANNA, S. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {The Influence Of Temperature On The Structure Of Poly(2,6-Hydroxynaphthoic Acid)},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {33},
  number = {13},
  pages = {2825--2833}
}
HANNA, S. & WINDLE, A.H. Geometrical Limits To Order In Liquid-Crystalline Random Copolymers 1988 Polymer
Vol. 29(2), pp. 207-223 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HANNA1988,
  author = {HANNA, S. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Geometrical Limits To Order In Liquid-Crystalline Random Copolymers},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {207--223}
}
HANNA, S. & WINDLE, A.H. Influence Of Temperature On The Crystal-Structure Of Poly(Hydroxybenzoic Acid) 1988 Polymer Communications
Vol. 29(8), pp. 236-239 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HANNA1988a,
  author = {HANNA, S. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Influence Of Temperature On The Crystal-Structure Of Poly(Hydroxybenzoic Acid)},
  journal = {Polymer Communications},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {29},
  number = {8},
  pages = {236--239}
}
Haschke, H., Miles, M.J. & Koutsos, V. Conformation of a single polyacrylamide molecule adsorbed onto a mica surface studied with atomic force microscopy 2004 Macromolecules
Vol. 37(10), pp. 3799-3803 
article  
Abstract: We have studied the adsorption of a single polyacrylamide chain onto a freshly cleaved mica surface from a good solvent by force spectroscopy using a custom-built force prober. The polymer chain was covalently attached to the AFM tip at one end. The polymer loop lengths were deduced by measuring the distance between desorption events during the retraction of the tip from the surface. The loop length distribution obtained was found to obey a power law characteristic for the semidilute regime. We claim that this is due to the confinement of the polymer chain between the tip and the surface during the adsorption.
BibTeX:
@article{Haschke2004,
  author = {Haschke, H. and Miles, M. J. and Koutsos, V.},
  title = {Conformation of a single polyacrylamide molecule adsorbed onto a mica surface studied with atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {37},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3799--3803}
}
Heinzelmann, H., Eckert, R., Freyland, J., Gersen, H., Schurmann, G., Noell, W., Staufer, U. & de Rooij, N. Microfabricated probes for near-field optical microscopy 2000 2000 IEEE/LEOS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL MEMS, pp. 127-128  inproceedings  
Abstract: Microfabrication of probes for near-field optical microscopy is a promising approach to improve probe quality, reproducibility, and availability/cost. We report on cantilevered probes with integrated quartz tips allowing near-field optical imaging of single fluorophores with 32 nm lateral resolution.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ISI:000165310300060,
  author = {Heinzelmann, H and Eckert, R and Freyland, JM and Gersen, H and Schurmann, G and Noell, W and Staufer, U and de Rooij, N},
  title = {Microfabricated probes for near-field optical microscopy},
  booktitle = {2000 IEEE/LEOS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL MEMS},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {127-128},
  note = {IEEE/LEOS International Conference on Optical MEMS, KAUAI, HI, AUG 21-24, 2000}
}
Hillman, A.R., Saville, P.M., Glidle, A., Richardson, R.M., Roser, S.J., Swann, M.J. & Webster, J.R.P. Neutron reflectivity determination of buried electroactive interface structure: PBT/PPy and PBT/PXV bilayers 1998 Journal of the American Chemical Society
Vol. 120(49), pp. 12882-12890 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hillman1998,
  author = {Hillman, A. R. and Saville, P. M. and Glidle, A. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J. and Swann, M. J. and Webster, J. R. P.},
  title = {Neutron reflectivity determination of buried electroactive interface structure: PBT/PPy and PBT/PXV bilayers},
  journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {120},
  number = {49},
  pages = {12882-12890}
}
Hobbs, J.K., Humphris, A.D.L. & Miles, M.J. In-situ atomic force microscopy of polyethylene crystallization. 1. Crystallization from an oriented backbone 2001 Macromolecules
Vol. 34(16), pp. 5508-5519 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy has been used to image the crystallization of polyethylene shish kebab crystals in situ, in real time, with nanometer resolution. Images of the extended chain backbone and overgrowth and subsequent interdigitation of lamellae have been obtained. Direct observation of the interdigitation process shows that the lamellae sometimes change direction so as to avoid meeting, providing evidence of the influence of a growing lamella on its surrounding environment. The growth rates of individual lamellae as they grow from the backbone have been measured and found to vary both with time and from lamella to lamella, in direct contradiction to many theories of polymer crystallization. These data, taken from the first AFM experiments to obtain such high resolution at such a high temperature during a process, provide a significant advance in the capability of AFM to increase our understanding of polymer crystallization.
BibTeX:
@article{Hobbs2001,
  author = {Hobbs, J. K. and Humphris, A. D. L. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {In-situ atomic force microscopy of polyethylene crystallization. 1. Crystallization from an oriented backbone},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {34},
  number = {16},
  pages = {5508--5519}
}
Hobbs, J.K., McMaster, T.J., Miles, M.J. & Barham, P.J. Direct observations of the growth of spherulites of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) using atomic force microscopy 1998 Polymer
Vol. 39(12), pp. 2437-2446 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to observe, in real time, the growth of two-dimensional poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHB/V) 'spherulites' in thin films. The AFM permits us to image the growth over a wide range of magnifications, from the macroscopic spherulitic growth down to observations of growth of individual lamellae. The lamellar growth images are obtained using a special, high resolution, phase-imaging technique. Low magnification images show, in common with optical microscope techniques, sharp circular growth fronts which move at a constant growth rate. At higher magnifications the rough nature of the growth front on a lamellar scale is clearly revealed with dominant lamellae leading the growth. The most remarkable observation is that these dominant lamellae do not grow at a fixed, constant rate, as predicted by most growth theories, but rather they initially spurt forwards at a rate substantially faster than the macroscopic growth rate, and then slow down or stop. A new theory, in which the spherulite growth rate is controlled not by the growth rate of the individual lamellae, but rather by the rate at which new lamellae nucleate on existing, dormant lamellae, is suggested. It is believed that these observations, although only made on one system, may be more widely applicable. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Hobbs1998,
  author = {Hobbs, J. K. and McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J. and Barham, P. J.},
  title = {Direct observations of the growth of spherulites of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) using atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {39},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2437--2446}
}
Hobbs, J.K., McMaster, T.J., Miles, M.J. & Barham, P.J. Cracking in spherulites of poly(hydroxybutyrate) 1996 Polymer
Vol. 37(15), pp. 3241-3246 
article  
Abstract: Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a biodegradable thermoplastic. Melt-cast PHB sheets normally become brittle on storage. The embrittlement has been associated with cracks formed during cooling due to differences in radial and circumferential thermal expansion coefficients. We show that the cracks are in fact due to differences in thermal expansion between the PHB him and the constraining glass slides. The circumferential features, previously identified as cracks, are shown to be surface features formed due to volume reduction during crystallization constrained by the substrate. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
BibTeX:
@article{Hobbs1996,
  author = {Hobbs, J. K. and McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J. and Barham, P. J.},
  title = {Cracking in spherulites of poly(hydroxybutyrate)},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {37},
  number = {15},
  pages = {3241--3246}
}
Hobbs, J.K. & Miles, M.J. Direct observation of polyethylene shish-kebab crystallization using in-situ atomic force microscopy 2001 Macromolecules
Vol. 34(3), pp. 353-355 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hobbs2001a,
  author = {Hobbs, J. K. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Direct observation of polyethylene shish-kebab crystallization using in-situ atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {353--355}
}
Hobbs, J.K., Winkel, A.K., McMaster, T.J., Humphris, A.D.L., Baker, A.A., Blakely, S., Aissaoui, M. & Miles, M.J. Some recent developments in SPM of crystalline polymers 2001 Macromolecular Symposia
Vol. 167, pp. 1-14 
article  
Abstract: Some recent advances in the application of atomic force microscopy to crystalline polymers are detailed. Ultra-high resolution imaging of crystal surfaces, combined with the analysis of computer generated Connolly surfaces, enables the unambiguous identification of features on the cellulose crystal surface at near-atomic resolution. The electronic enhancement of the quality factor of the cantilever when tapping in liquids enables a considerable improvement in force sensitivity to be obtained, allowing the fully saturated surface of an isotactic polystyrene gel to be imaged under the solvating molecule, at nanometre resolution. A series of experiments are detailed in which precesses such as crystallization, crystal thickening and crystal deformation are followed in situ, in real time, providing significant new insights into long standing problems in polymer science.
BibTeX:
@article{Hobbs2001b,
  author = {Hobbs, J. K. and Winkel, A. K. and McMaster, T. J. and Humphris, A. D. L. and Baker, A. A. and Blakely, S. and Aissaoui, M. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Some recent developments in SPM of crystalline polymers},
  journal = {Macromolecular Symposia},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {167},
  pages = {1--14}
}
Hodder, B., Sambles, J.R., Jenkins, S. & Richardson, R.M. Combined X-ray and fully leaky guided mode studies of the smectic layer and optic tensor configuration in a ferroelectric liquid-crystal cell 2000 Physical Review Letters
Vol. 85(15), pp. 3181-3184 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hodder2000,
  author = {Hodder, B. and Sambles, J. R. and Jenkins, S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Combined X-ray and fully leaky guided mode studies of the smectic layer and optic tensor configuration in a ferroelectric liquid-crystal cell},
  journal = {Physical Review Letters},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {85},
  number = {15},
  pages = {3181-3184}
}
Horber, J.K.H. & Miles, M.J. Scanning probe evolution in biology 2003 Science
Vol. 302(5647), pp. 1002-1005 
article  
Abstract: Twenty years ago the first scanning probe instrument, the scanning tunneling microscope, opened up new realms for our perception of the world. Atoms that had been abstract entities were now real objects, clearly seen as distinguishable individuals at particular positions in space. A whole family of scanning probe instruments has been developed, extending our sense of touching to the scale of atoms and molecules. Such instruments are especially useful for imaging of biomolecular structures because they can produce topographic images with submolecular resolution in aqueous environments. Instruments with increased imaging rates, lower probe-specimen force interactions, and probe configurations not constrained to planar surfaces are being developed, with the goal of imaging processes at the single-molecule level-not only at surfaces but also within three-dimensional volumes-in real time.
BibTeX:
@article{Horber2003,
  author = {Horber, J. K. H. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Scanning probe evolution in biology},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {302},
  number = {5647},
  pages = {1002--1005}
}
Horne, D.S., Atkinson, P.J., Dickinson, E., Pinfield, V.J. & Richardson, R.M. Neutron reflectivity study of competitive adsorption of beta-lactoglobulin and nonionic surfactant at the air-water interface 1998 International Dairy Journal
Vol. 8(2), pp. 73-77 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Horne1998,
  author = {Horne, D. S. and Atkinson, P. J. and Dickinson, E. and Pinfield, V. J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Neutron reflectivity study of competitive adsorption of beta-lactoglobulin and nonionic surfactant at the air-water interface},
  journal = {International Dairy Journal},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {73-77}
}
Horne, D.S., Dickinson, E. & Richardson, R.M. Neutron Reflectivity of Adsorbed Protein Films 1994 Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society
Vol. 207, pp. 162-COLL 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Horne1994,
  author = {Horne, D. S. and Dickinson, E. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Neutron Reflectivity of Adsorbed Protein Films},
  journal = {Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {207},
  pages = {162-COLL},
  note = {Part 1}
}
van Hulst, N., Garcia-Parajo, M., Veerman, J. & Gersen, H. Single molecules in the near field. 2001 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
Vol. 221(Part 1), pp. U95 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000168824700430,
  author = {van Hulst, NF and Garcia-Parajo, MF and Veerman, JA and Gersen, H},
  title = {Single molecules in the near field.},
  journal = {ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {221},
  number = {Part 1},
  pages = {U95}
}
Humphris, A.D.L., Antognozzi, M., McMaster, T.J. & Miles, M.J. Transverse Dynamic Force Spectroscopy: A Novel Approach to Determining the Complex Stiffness of a Single Molecule 2002 Langmuir
Vol. 18(5), pp. 1729-1733 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Piconewton force sensitivity and angstrom position control offered by instruments such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers have enabled the force?extension response of single molecules to be investigated. However, to fully investigate the dynamic and energetic properties of a single molecule, it is necessary to detect both conservative (elastic) and dissipative (viscous) components of the extension response. We present a transverse dynamic force microscope (TDFM) capable of measuring this complex quantity. This new force spectroscopy technique offers true control over the tip?surface distance revealing information not accessible by conventional dc atomic force spectroscopy. Results are presented for the force extension response of a single polysaccharide molecule. To the authors knowledge, this is the first time the complex mechanical properties of a single polymer molecule have been measured by TDFM. These observations are in agreement with previous dynamic AFM experiments.
BibTeX:
@article{Humphris2002,
  author = {Humphris, A. D. L. and Antognozzi, M. and McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Transverse Dynamic Force Spectroscopy: A Novel Approach to Determining the Complex Stiffness of a Single Molecule},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {18},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1729-1733},
  url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la015537k},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la015537k}
}
Humphris, A.D.L., Hobbs, J.K. & Miles, M.J. Ultrahigh-speed scanning near-field optical microscopy capable of over 100 frames per second 2003 Applied Physics Letters
Vol. 83(1), pp. 6-8 
article  
Abstract: Scanning near-field optical microscopy is a powerful technique offering subdiffraction-limit optical resolution. However, the range of applications is limited by slow image acquisition rates. In this letter we demonstrate an implementation of a near-field optical microscope capable of scan speeds of 150 mm/s producing images of an area 20 mum(2) in less than 10 ms, i.e., over 100 frames/s. To achieve this, a method of measuring the optical near-field intensity with a high bandwidth of greater than 1 MHz has been developed. A second original aspect is that the scan system uses a mechanical resonance of the probe to address the sample. The presented microscope is over 1000 times faster than a conventional scanning near-field optical microscope and similar to10 times faster than any scanning probe microscope to date. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Humphris2003,
  author = {Humphris, A. D. L. and Hobbs, J. K. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Ultrahigh-speed scanning near-field optical microscopy capable of over 100 frames per second},
  journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {83},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6--8}
}
Humphris, A.D.L., McMaster, T.J., Miles, M.J., Gilbert, S.M., Shewry, P.R. & Tatham, A.S. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of interactions of HMW subunits of wheat glutenin 2000 Cereal Chemistry
Vol. 77(2), pp. 107-110 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to study the non-covalent interactions of alkylated HMW subunit 1Dx5 and a M-r 58,000 peptide derived from the central repetitive domain. Both protein and peptide align side-by-side to form fibrils, the HMW subunit forming a branched network, and the peptide forming linear rods. The N- and C-terminal domains of the subunit would, therefore, appear to contain regions that interact through noncovalent interactions in the absence of disulfide bond formation. These regions may be of importance in facilitating disulfide bond formation during protein body development.
BibTeX:
@article{Humphris2000b,
  author = {Humphris, A. D. L. and McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J. and Gilbert, S. M. and Shewry, P. R. and Tatham, A. S.},
  title = {Atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of interactions of HMW subunits of wheat glutenin},
  journal = {Cereal Chemistry},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {77},
  number = {2},
  pages = {107--110}
}
Humphris, A.D.L. & Miles, M.J. Developments in dynamic force microscopy and spectroscopy 2002 Atomic Force Microscopy In Cell Biology
Vol. 68, pp. 337-355 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Humphris2002a,
  author = {Humphris, A. D. L. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Developments in dynamic force microscopy and spectroscopy},
  journal = {Atomic Force Microscopy In Cell Biology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {337--355}
}
Humphris, A.D.L., Miles, M.J. & Hobbs, J.K. A mechanical microscope: High-speed atomic force microscopy 2005 Applied Physics Letters
Vol. 86(3), pp. 034106 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: An atomic force microscope capable of obtaining images in less than 20 ms is presented. By

utilizing a microresonator as a scan stage, and through the implementation of a passive mechanical

feedback loop with a bandwidth of more than 2 MHz, a 1000-fold increase in image acquisition rate

relative to a conventional atomic force microscope is obtained. This has allowed images of soft

crystalline and molten polymer surfaces to be collected in 14.3 ms, with a tip velocity of

22.4 cm s?1

while maintaining nanometer resolution. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.

fDOI: 10.1063/1.1855407g

BibTeX:
@article{Humphris2005,
  author = {A. D. L. Humphris and M. J. Miles and J. K. Hobbs},
  title = {A mechanical microscope: High-speed atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
  publisher = {AIP},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {86},
  number = {3},
  pages = {034106},
  url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/86/034106/1},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1855407}
}
Humphris, A.D.L., Round, A.N. & Miles, M.J. Enhanced imaging of DNA via active quality factor control 2001 Surface Science
Vol. 491(3), pp. 468-472 
article  
Abstract: Adsorption processes at single molecule level are of fundamental importance for the understanding and development of biomaterials. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has played a critical role in this field due to its high resolution and ability to image in a liquid environment. We present a method that improves the dynamic force sensitivity and the resolution of a conventional AFM. This is achieved via a positive feedback loop that enhances the effective quality factor of the cantilever in a liquid environment to values in excess of 300, compared to a nominal value of similar to1. This active quality factor enhancement has been used to image DNA and an increase in the height of the molecule observed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Humphris2001,
  author = {Humphris, A. D. L. and Round, A. N. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Enhanced imaging of DNA via active quality factor control},
  journal = {Surface Science},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {491},
  number = {3},
  pages = {468--472}
}
Humphris, A.D.L., Tamayo, J. & Miles, M.J. Active quality factor control in liquids for force spectroscopy 2000 Langmuir
Vol. 16(21), pp. 7891-7894 
article  
Abstract: Molecular processes are both dynamic and energetic in nature and thus exhibit both conservative (elastic) and dissipative (viscous) forces. We present a method suitable for application to a conventional atomic force microscope (AFM) that is capable of measuring this complex quantity and use it to study the force-extension response of a single molecule. The dynamic force sensitivity of the AFM cantilever was increased with a positive feedback system producing a stable effective quality factor of over 300 in a liquid environment compared to the nominal value of similar to 1. This facilitated tracking of the resonant frequency and the separation of conservative (elastic) and dissipative (viscous) forces. With access to this extra information, not available by conventional static force spectroscopy, it is possible to estimate the effective viscosity of a single dextran molecule to-be 6000 Pa s.
BibTeX:
@article{Humphris2000,
  author = {Humphris, A. D. L. and Tamayo, J. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Active quality factor control in liquids for force spectroscopy},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {16},
  number = {21},
  pages = {7891--7894}
}
Ikin, L., Carberry, D.M., Gibson, G.M., Padgett, M.J. & Miles, M.J. Assembly and force measurement with SPM-like probes in holographic optical tweezers 2009 New Journal Of Physics
Vol. 11, pp. 023012 
article DOI  
Abstract: In this paper we demonstrate the optical assembly and control of scanning probe microscopy (SPM)-like probes, using holographic optical tweezers. The probes are formed from cadmium sulphide rods and silica microspheres, the latter providing explicit trapping handles. Calibration of the trap stiffness allows us to use a precise measure of probe displacement to calculate the applied forces. We demonstrate that the optically controlled probe can exert a force in excess of 60 pN, over an area of 1 x 10(-13) m(2), with a force sensitivity of 50 fN. We believe that probes similar to the ones presented here will have applications as nanotools in probing laser-sensitive cells/materials.
BibTeX:
@article{Ikin2009,
  author = {Ikin, L. and Carberry, D. M. and Gibson, G. M. and Padgett, M. J. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Assembly and force measurement with SPM-like probes in holographic optical tweezers},
  journal = {New Journal Of Physics},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {023012},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/2/023012}
}
James, P.J., Antognozzi, M., Tamayo, J., McMaster, T.J., Newton, J.M. & Miles, M.J. Interpretation of contrast in tapping mode AFM and shear force microscopy. A study of nafion 2001 Langmuir
Vol. 17(2), pp. 349-360 
article  
Abstract: The origin of phase contrast in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy has been investigated using two complementary scanning probe microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy and shear force microscopy, which can be classified as a transverse dynamic force microscopy. The sample chosen for this study was Nafion, and specifically the membrane in different hydration states by virtue of its cation form. Differences in probe-sample adhesion throughout a sample, caused by an inhomogeneous distribution of surface water, were an important phase-contrast mechanism. A new variant in three-dimensional force imaging, phase-volume imaging has been a useful tool in the interpretation of phase contrast. With the use of transverse dynamic force microscopy, approach curves were obtained while the frequency spectrum around resonance was measured. This enabled the damping of the probe oscillation amplitude and the shift in its resonant frequency to be decoupled. Knowing the true oscillation amplitude of the probe, it was also possible to determine quantitatively the elastic and dissipative parts of the probe-sample interaction. Distinct regimes were found at different probe-sample separations.
BibTeX:
@article{James2001,
  author = {James, P. J. and Antognozzi, M. and Tamayo, J. and McMaster, T. J. and Newton, J. M. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Interpretation of contrast in tapping mode AFM and shear force microscopy. A study of nafion},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  publisher = {Amer Chemical Soc},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {349--360},
  note = {TDFM - discusses importance of water layers to the imaging mechanism, compares with TM}
}
James, P.J., Elliott, J.A., McMaster, T.J., Newton, J.M., Elliott, A.M.S., Hanna, S. & Miles, M.J. Hydration of Nafion (R) studied by AFM and X-ray scattering 2000 Journal Of Materials Science
Vol. 35(20), pp. 5111-5119 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{James2000,
  author = {James, P. J. and Elliott, J. A. and McMaster, T. J. and Newton, J. M. and Elliott, A. M. S. and Hanna, S. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Hydration of Nafion (R) studied by AFM and X-ray scattering},
  journal = {Journal Of Materials Science},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {35},
  number = {20},
  pages = {5111--5119}
}
James, P.J., McMaster, T.J., Newton, J.M. & Miles, M.J. In situ rehydration of perfluorosulphonate ion-exchange membrane studied by AFM 2000 Polymer
Vol. 41(11), pp. 4223-4231 
article  
Abstract: Nafion(R) is a commercially available perfluorosulphonate cation exchange membrane commonly used as a perm-selective separator in chlor-alkali electrolysers and as the electrolyte in solid polymer fuel cells. This usage arises because of its high mechanical, thermal and chemical stability coupled with its high conductivity and ionic selectivity, which depend strongly on the water content. The membrane was therefore studied in different states of hydration obtained by placing the membrane and atomic force microscope (AFM) in a specially constructed environmental chamber to control the humidity. Tapping mode phase imaging was successfully used to identify the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of Nafion, The images support a cluster model for the hydrophilic regions of Nafion at humidities of (9-34) +/- 2%. The clusters have a range of sizes from 5 to 30 nm, significantly larger than the similar to 4 nm structures proposed from X-ray studies, which is probably due to the formation of cluster agglomerates. Phase images were interpreted semi-quantitatively in terms of energy loss, typically 3 kJ m(-2), and the number and size of energy dissipative features. The number of clusters decreased while the average cluster size increased with increasing humidity. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{James2000b,
  author = {James, P. J. and McMaster, T. J. and Newton, J. M. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {In situ rehydration of perfluorosulphonate ion-exchange membrane studied by AFM},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {41},
  number = {11},
  pages = {4223--4231}
}
JANDT, K.D., BUHK, M., MILES, M.J. & PETERMANN, J. Shish-Kebab Crystals In Polyethylene Investigated By Scanning Force Microscopy 1994 Polymer
Vol. 35(11), pp. 2458-2462 
article  
Abstract: Ultra-thin, highly oriented polyethylene (PE) films drawn from the melt have been investigated using scanning force microscopy (SFM) to study their surface morphology. The results obtained from SFM measurements exhibit the lamellar morphology and evidence for extended chain crystals of the films. Morphological defects, such as structural thickness modulations of lamellae and steps on lamellar crystals of less-than-or-equal-to 1 nm height, were obtained. The fact that the lamellar crystals protrude out of the film surface is explained by a combination of film processing and crystal growth effects. On a molecular scale, high resolution SFM investigations of the crystalline parts of the film show extended PE chains with an intermolecular distance repeat of 0.56 +/- 0.1 nm.
BibTeX:
@article{JANDT1994,
  author = {JANDT, K. D. and BUHK, M. and MILES, M. J. and PETERMANN, J.},
  title = {Shish-Kebab Crystals In Polyethylene Investigated By Scanning Force Microscopy},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {35},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2458--2462}
}
JANDT, K.D., MCDONNELL, D.G., BLACKMORE, J.M. & MILES, M.J. Surface-Morphology Of A Liquid-Crystalline Side-Chain Polymer Investigated By Scanning Force Microscopy 1994 Polymer Bulletin
Vol. 32(4), pp. 487-492 
article  
Abstract: Surfaces of a low molecular weight, side-chain liquid crystalline polymer (LCP), slow-cooled from the isotropic melt, have been investigated using the scanning force microscope (SFM) to study its surface morphology. The results obtained from SFM measurements show the hedritic surface morphology of the material. These hedrites, as the assumed precursor state of LCP-spherulites, show diameters between 5 and 10 micrometers. Concentric lamellae of a thickness between 50 and 100 nanometres are the characteristic substructure of the LCP-hedrites. Higher resolution SFM images show a regular fine structure of these lamellae, consisting of band structures organized in domains with a band repeat distance of about 30 nanometres. A great variety of domain boundaries have been obtained.
BibTeX:
@article{JANDT1994a,
  author = {JANDT, K. D. and MCDONNELL, D. G. and BLACKMORE, J. M. and MILES, M. J.},
  title = {Surface-Morphology Of A Liquid-Crystalline Side-Chain Polymer Investigated By Scanning Force Microscopy},
  journal = {Polymer Bulletin},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {32},
  number = {4},
  pages = {487--492}
}
JANDT, K.D., MCMASTER, T.J., MILES, M.J. & PETERMANN, J. Scanning Force Microscopy Of Melt-Crystallized, Metal-Evaporated Poly(Butene-1) Ultrathin Films 1993 Macromolecules
Vol. 26(24), pp. 6552-6556 
article  
Abstract: Ultrathin poly(butene-1) (PB-1) films drawn from the melt have been investigated using the scanning force microscope (SFM) to study the surface topography of both bare and tin-evaporated PB-1 films. Two different operating modes of the SFM were used, the repulsive mode and the tapping mode. The results obtained from SFM measurements show structures similar to the PB-1 needle crystalline morphology which agree excellently with recent TEM investigations. On a molecular scale structures similar to PB-1 macromolecules can be resolved with a repeat of 0.7 +/- 0.1 nm (the value obtained from X-ray diffraction is 0.65 nm). Attempts to image the tin deposition on the PB-1 film surface using the repulsive mode were hampered as the scanning motion of the probe swept away most of the metal particles. Operation of the SFM in the tapping mode prevented this and allowed the overgrowth of tin on PB-1 films to be observed.
BibTeX:
@article{JANDT1993,
  author = {JANDT, K. D. and MCMASTER, T. J. and MILES, M. J. and PETERMANN, J.},
  title = {Scanning Force Microscopy Of Melt-Crystallized, Metal-Evaporated Poly(Butene-1) Ultrathin Films},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {26},
  number = {24},
  pages = {6552--6556}
}
JANDT, K.D., TIXIER, S., TOWLER, M.J., BLACKMORE, J.M. & MILES, M.J. Observation Of Phase-Transitions In An Antiferroelectric Liquid-Crystal Investigated By Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy 1995 Journal Of Applied Physics
Vol. 77(1), pp. 122-126 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{JANDT1995,
  author = {JANDT, K. D. and TIXIER, S. and TOWLER, M. J. and BLACKMORE, J. M. and MILES, M. J.},
  title = {Observation Of Phase-Transitions In An Antiferroelectric Liquid-Crystal Investigated By Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy},
  journal = {Journal Of Applied Physics},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {77},
  number = {1},
  pages = {122--126}
}
Jeffery, J.C., Kurek, S.S., McCleverty, J.A., Psillakis, E., Richardson, R.M., Ward, M.D. & Wlodarczyk, A. Syntheses of 4-Benzyl-3,5-Dimethylpyrazolylborato Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten Nitrosyls - Molecular-Structure of [Mo(Co)2(No)(Hb(3,5-Me2-4-Phch2c3n2)3)], a Complex with an Inverted Bowl-Like Structure 1994 Journal of the Chemical Society-Dalton Transactions(17), pp. 2559-2564  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Jeffery1994,
  author = {Jeffery, J. C. and Kurek, S. S. and McCleverty, J. A. and Psillakis, E. and Richardson, R. M. and Ward, M. D. and Wlodarczyk, A.},
  title = {Syntheses of 4-Benzyl-3,5-Dimethylpyrazolylborato Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten Nitrosyls - Molecular-Structure of [Mo(Co)2(No)(Hb(3,5-Me2-4-Phch2c3n2)3)], a Complex with an Inverted Bowl-Like Structure},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Dalton Transactions},
  year = {1994},
  number = {17},
  pages = {2559-2564}
}
Jenkins, S.A., Jones, J.C., Dunn, P.E., Haslam, S.D., Richardson, R.M. & Taylor, L. X-ray study of the layer structure in a high pre-tilt, anti-parallel aligned ferroelectric liquid crystal 1999 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 329, pp. 631-638 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Jenkins1999,
  author = {Jenkins, S. A. and Jones, J. C. and Dunn, P. E. and Haslam, S. D. and Richardson, R. M. and Taylor, L.},
  title = {X-ray study of the layer structure in a high pre-tilt, anti-parallel aligned ferroelectric liquid crystal},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {329},
  pages = {631-638},
  note = {Part 2}
}
Jenkins, S.A., Jones, J.C., Dunn, P.E. & Richardson, R.M. X-ray studies of layer structure and needle defects in anti-parallel aligned SSFLC devices with medium pre-tilt 2000 Ferroelectrics
Vol. 244(1-4), pp. 383-393 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Jenkins2000,
  author = {Jenkins, S. A. and Jones, J. C. and Dunn, P. E. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {X-ray studies of layer structure and needle defects in anti-parallel aligned SSFLC devices with medium pre-tilt},
  journal = {Ferroelectrics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {244},
  number = {1-4},
  pages = {383-393}
}
Jutson, J., Richardson, R., Jones, S. & Norman, C. Scattering Studies of Polymeric Zirconium Species in Aqueous Solution 1990 Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.
Vol. 180, pp. 123-128 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Jutson1990,
  author = {Jutson, J.A. and Richardson, R.M. and Jones, S.L. and Norman, C.},
  title = {Scattering Studies of Polymeric Zirconium Species in Aqueous Solution},
  journal = {Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {180},
  pages = {123-128}
}
Kalkman, J., Gersen, H., Kuipers, L. & Polman, A. Excitation of surface plasmons at a SiO2/Ag interface by silicon quantum dots: Experiment and theory 2006 PHYSICAL REVIEW B
Vol. 73(7) 
article DOI  
Abstract: The excitation of surface plasmons (SPs) by optically excited silicon quantum dots (QDs) located near a Ag interface is studied both experimentally and theoretically for different QD-interface separations. The Si QDs are formed in the near-surface region of an SiO2 substrate by Si ion implantation and thermal annealing. Photoluminescence decay-rate distributions, as derived from an inverse Laplace transform of the measured decay trace, are determined for samples with and without a Ag cover layer. For the smallest, investigated Si-QDs-to-interface distance of 44 nm the average decay rate at lambda=750 nm is enhanced by 80% due to the proximity of the Ag-glass interface, with respect to an air-glass interface. Calculations based on a classical dipole oscillator model show that the observed decay rate enhancement is mainly due to the excitation of surface plasmons that are on the SiO2/Ag interface. By comparing the model calculations to the experimental data, it is determined that Si QDs have a very high internal emission quantum efficiency of (77 +/- 17) At this distance they can excite surface plasmons at a rate of (1.1 +/- 0.2)x10(4) s(-1). From the model it is also predicted that by using thin metal films the excitation of surface plasmons by Si QDs can be further enhanced. Si QDs are found to preferentially excite symmetric thin-film surface plasmons.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000235668900077,
  author = {Kalkman, J and Gersen, H and Kuipers, L and Polman, A},
  title = {Excitation of surface plasmons at a SiO2/Ag interface by silicon quantum dots: Experiment and theory},
  journal = {PHYSICAL REVIEW B},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {73},
  number = {7},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.075317}
}
Kalkman, J., Kuipers, L., Polman, A. & Gersen, H. Coupling of Er ions to surface plasmons on Ag 2005 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
Vol. 86(4) 
article DOI  
Abstract: Er3+ ions located 100 nm beneath the surface of silica glass show an enhanced photoluminescence decay rate when the glass is covered with Ag. Correcting for concentration quenching effects, the decay rate is enhanced by 70 compared to the case without Ag. The data are in agreement with a model that takes into account variations in local density of states and excitation of surface plasmons and lossy surface waves, resulting in direct evidence for the efficient generation of surface plasmons by excited Er3+ ions. Using the model, optimum conditions for coupling to surface plasmons are derived, which can be used to enhance the emission rate and quantum efficiency of a wide range of Er-doped materials. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000226761400013,
  author = {Kalkman, J and Kuipers, L and Polman, A and Gersen, H},
  title = {Coupling of Er ions to surface plasmons on Ag},
  journal = {APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {86},
  number = {4},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1856133}
}
Kilburn, D., Townrow, S., Meunier, V., Richardson, R., Alam, A. & Ubbink, J. Organization and mobility of water in amorphous and crystalline trehalose 2006 Nature Materials
Vol. 5(8), pp. 632-635 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Kilburn2006,
  author = {Kilburn, D. and Townrow, S. and Meunier, V. and Richardson, R. and Alam, A. and Ubbink, J.},
  title = {Organization and mobility of water in amorphous and crystalline trehalose},
  journal = {Nature Materials},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {5},
  number = {8},
  pages = {632-635}
}
Kuipers, L., Fluck, E., Gersen, H., van Duinen, G. & van Hulst, N. Near-field optical studies of photonic structures 2002 ICTON 2002: 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS AND EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON PHOTONIC CRYSTALS, VOL 2, pp. 28-29  inproceedings  
Abstract: Local optical investigations of light propagation have the advantage that the optical phenomena can be directly related to the local geometry of the photonic structure. As such, near-field optical microscopy ideally complements conventional ``input-output'' techniques.
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{ISI:000177343500008,
  author = {Kuipers, L and Fluck, E and Gersen, H and van Duinen, G and van Hulst, N},
  title = {Near-field optical studies of photonic structures},
  booktitle = {ICTON 2002: 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS AND EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON PHOTONIC CRYSTALS, VOL 2},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {28-29},
  note = {4th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks/European Symposium on Photonic Crystals, WARSAW, POLAND, APR 21-26, 2002}
}
Lau, Y.G.J., Klein, S., Newton, C.J.P. & Richardson, R.M. Surface ordering at the air-nematic interface. Part 2. A spectroscopic ellipsometry study of orientational order 2007 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 34(4), pp. 421-429 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lau2007a,
  author = {Lau, Y. G. J. and Klein, S. and Newton, C. J. P. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Surface ordering at the air-nematic interface. Part 2. A spectroscopic ellipsometry study of orientational order},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {34},
  number = {4},
  pages = {421-429}
}
Lau, Y.G.J., Richardson, R.M. & Cubitt, R. Smectic order induced at homeotropically aligned nematic surfaces: A neutron reflection study 2006 Journal of Chemical Physics
Vol. 124(23) 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lau2006,
  author = {Lau, Y. G. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Cubitt, R.},
  title = {Smectic order induced at homeotropically aligned nematic surfaces: A neutron reflection study},
  journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {124},
  number = {23},
  note = {234910}
}
Lau, Y.G.J., Richardson, R.M., Dalgliesh, R.M. & Zimmermann, H. Surface ordering at the air-nematic interface. Part 1. A neutron reflection study of translational order 2007 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 34(3), pp. 333-341 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lau2007,
  author = {Lau, Y. G. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Dalgliesh, R. M. and Zimmermann, H.},
  title = {Surface ordering at the air-nematic interface. Part 1. A neutron reflection study of translational order},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {333-341}
}
Leadbetter, A.J., Piper, J., Richardson, R.M. & Wrighton, P.G. The Dynamics of Molecular-Reorientation in the Disordered Phase of Bicyclo(2.2.2)Octane 1982 Journal of Physics C-Solid State Physics
Vol. 15(29), pp. 5921-5936 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Leadbetter1982,
  author = {Leadbetter, A. J. and Piper, J. and Richardson, R. M. and Wrighton, P. G.},
  title = {The Dynamics of Molecular-Reorientation in the Disordered Phase of Bicyclo(2.2.2)Octane},
  journal = {Journal of Physics C-Solid State Physics},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {15},
  number = {29},
  pages = {5921-5936}
}
Leadbetter, A.J. & Richardson, R.M. Molecular Motions in a Smectic-a Phase by Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering 1978 Molecular Physics
Vol. 35(4), pp. 1191-1200 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Leadbetter1978,
  author = {Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Molecular Motions in a Smectic-a Phase by Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering},
  journal = {Molecular Physics},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {35},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1191-1200}
}
Leadbetter, A.J., Richardson, R.M. & Collings, C.N. The Structure of a number of Nematogens 1975 Journal de Physique
Vol. C1, pp. 37-43 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Leadbetter1975,
  author = {Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Collings, C. N.},
  title = {The Structure of a number of Nematogens},
  journal = {Journal de Physique},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {C1},
  pages = {37-43}
}
Leadbetter, A.J., Richardson, R.M., Dasannacharya, B.A. & Howells, W.S. Incoherent Neutron Quasi-Elastic Scattering Studies of Anisotropic Self-Diffusion in Nematic and Smectic a Phases of Ethyl-4-(4' Acetoxy Benzylidene) Aminocinnamate (Eabac) 1976 Chemical Physics Letters
Vol. 39(3), pp. 501-504 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Leadbetter1976,
  author = {Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Dasannacharya, B. A. and Howells, W. S.},
  title = {Incoherent Neutron Quasi-Elastic Scattering Studies of Anisotropic Self-Diffusion in Nematic and Smectic a Phases of Ethyl-4-(4' Acetoxy Benzylidene) Aminocinnamate (Eabac)},
  journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {39},
  number = {3},
  pages = {501-504}
}
Leadbetter, A.J., Ward, R.C. & Richardson, R.M. Dynamics of Molecular Reorientations in T-Butyl Bromide Studied by Incoherent Quasielastic Neutron-Scattering 1985 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii
Vol. 81(JUL), pp. 1067-1076 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Leadbetter1985,
  author = {Leadbetter, A. J. and Ward, R. C. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Dynamics of Molecular Reorientations in T-Butyl Bromide Studied by Incoherent Quasielastic Neutron-Scattering},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions Ii},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {81},
  number = {JUL},
  pages = {1067-1076}
}
LEMMON, T.J., HANNA, S. & WINDLE, A.H. Non-Periodic Layer Crystallites In A Thermotropic Random Copolymer 1989 Polymer Communications
Vol. 30(1), pp. 2-4 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{LEMMON1989,
  author = {LEMMON, T. J. and HANNA, S. and WINDLE, A. H.},
  title = {Non-Periodic Layer Crystallites In A Thermotropic Random Copolymer},
  journal = {Polymer Communications},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2--4}
}
Lindsay, I., Gross, P., Lee, C., Adhimoolam, B. & Boller, K.J. Mid-infrared wavelength- and frequency-modulation spectroscopy with a pump-modulated singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator 2006 Opt. Express
Vol. 14(25), pp. 12341-12346 
article DOI  
Abstract: We describe the implementation of the wavelength- and frequency-modulation spectroscopy techniques using a singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a fiber-amplified diode laser. Frequency modulation of the diode laser was transferred to the OPO’s mid-infrared idler output, avoiding the need for external modulation devices. This approach thus provides a means of implementing these important techniques with powerful, widely tunable, mid-infrared sources while retaining the simple, flexible modulation properties of diode lasers.
BibTeX:
@article{Lindsay2006,
  author = {Lindsay, I.D. and Gross, P. and Lee, C.J. and Adhimoolam, B. and Boller, K. J.},
  title = {Mid-infrared wavelength- and frequency-modulation spectroscopy with a pump-modulated singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator},
  journal = {Opt. Express},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {14},
  number = {25},
  pages = {12341-12346},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.012341}
}
Lindsay, I.D., Adhimoolam, B., Gross, P., Klein, M.E. & Boller, K.J. Diode-laser-fiber-amplifier pumped optical-parametric oscillator with 110 GHz rapid, continuous tuning 2005 OSA Trend. Opt. Phot. (TOPS)
Vol. 98, pp. 396-401 
article URL 
Abstract: A singly-resonant continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (cw-OPO) pumped by a fiber-amplified diode laser is described. Tuning of the pump source allowed the OPO output to be tuned continuously, without mode-hops, over 110 GHz in 29 ms. Discontinuous pump tuning over 20 nm in the region of 3.4 &mu;m was also obtained. The rapid and continuous idler tuning was demonstrated by the measurement of a methane absorption spectrum.
BibTeX:
@article{Lindsay2005,
  author = {Lindsay, I. D. and Adhimoolam, B. and Gross, P. and Klein, M. E. and Boller, K. J.},
  title = {Diode-laser-fiber-amplifier pumped optical-parametric oscillator with 110 GHz rapid, continuous tuning},
  journal = {OSA Trend. Opt. Phot. (TOPS)},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {396-401},
  note = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved 06139792256 Continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (cw-OPO) Fiber-amplified diode laser Idler tuning},
  url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ASSP-2005-396}
}
Lindsay, I.D., Adhimoolam, B., Gross, P., Klein, M.E. & Boller, K.J. 110GHz rapid, continuous tuning from an optical parametric oscillator pumped by a fiber-amplified DBR diode laser 2005 Opt. Express
Vol. 13(4), pp. 1234-1239 
article DOI  
Abstract: A singly-resonant continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (cw-OPO) pumped by a fiber-amplified diode laser is described. Tuning of the pump source allowed the OPO output to be tuned continuously, without mode-hops, over 110 GHz in 29 ms. Discontinuous pump tuning over 20 nm in the region of 3.4 mum was also obtained. The rapid and continuous idler tuning was demonstrated by the measurement of a methane absorption spectrum. We believe this to be the first example of a singly-resonant OPO pumped by a fiber-amplified diode laser and the mode-hop free tuning range to be the highest reported for a cw-OPO. (C) 2005 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Lindsay2005a,
  author = {Lindsay, I. D. and Adhimoolam, B. and Gross, P. and Klein, M. E. and Boller, K. J.},
  title = {110GHz rapid, continuous tuning from an optical parametric oscillator pumped by a fiber-amplified DBR diode laser},
  journal = {Opt. Express},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1234-1239},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.001234}
}
Lindsay, I.D. & Ebrahimzadeh, M. Efficient continuous-wave and Q-switched operation of a 946-nm Nd : YAG laser pumped by an injection-locked broad-area diode laser 1998 Appl. Optics
Vol. 37(18), pp. 3961-3970 
article DOI  
Abstract: The efficient, low-threshold operation of a 946-nm Nd:YAG laser pumped by an injection-locked broad-area diode laser is reported. The implications of pump-beam quality for efficient, low-threshold operation, particularly with intrinsically inefficient transitions, are discussed in the context of previously published models. Results are presented showing that the M-2 = 1.3 pump beam of the injection-locked diode laser enabled a cw slope efficiency of 48% and a threshold of 52 mW to be attained. When Q-switched, 335 mW of pump power gave 27-ns, 5.2-mu J pulses. These were frequency doubled to obtain 19-ns, 1-mu J pulses at 473 nm. These results represent significant improvements over similar systems pumped by free-running broad-area diode lasers or arrays. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Lindsay1998a,
  author = {Lindsay, I. D. and Ebrahimzadeh, M.},
  title = {Efficient continuous-wave and Q-switched operation of a 946-nm Nd : YAG laser pumped by an injection-locked broad-area diode laser},
  journal = {Appl. Optics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {37},
  number = {18},
  pages = {3961-3970},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.37.003961}
}
Lindsay, I.D., Petridis, C., Dunn, M.H. & Ebrahimzadeh, M. Continuous-wave pump-enhanced singly resonant optical parametric oscillator pumped by an extended-cavity diode laser 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett.
Vol. 78(7), pp. 871-873 
article  
Abstract: A continuous-wave pump-enhanced singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) directly pumped by a grating-stabilized external-cavity diode laser operating at approximate to 810 nm is described. The OPO was based on periodically poled LiNbO3 and could be tuned over 1.06-1.19 mum at the signal and 2.58-3.44 mum at the idler. The OPO threshold was typically 25-30 mW over the observed tuning range. Up to 4 mW of one-directional idler output was obtained for 62 mW of external-cavity diode laser pump power. The high stability of the external-cavity diode-laser pump source allowed locked, single-mode OPO operation for periods of greater than 1 h. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Lindsay2001,
  author = {Lindsay, I. D. and Petridis, C. and Dunn, M. H. and Ebrahimzadeh, M.},
  title = {Continuous-wave pump-enhanced singly resonant optical parametric oscillator pumped by an extended-cavity diode laser},
  journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {78},
  number = {7},
  pages = {871-873}
}
Lindsay, I.D., Stothard, D.J.M., Rae, C.F. & Dunn, M.H. Continuous-wave, pump-enhanced optical parametric oscillator based on periodically-poled RbTiOAsO4 2003 Opt. Express
Vol. 11(2), pp. 134-140 
article URL 
Abstract: The operation of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on periodically-poled RbTi0AsO(4) (PPRTA) and using a pump-enhanced cavity configuration is described. The OPO was pumped by a single-frequency Nd:YVO4 laser and temperature tuning ranges of 1.525-1.583 mum and 3.245-3.520 mum were achieved at the signal and idler, respectively. The external threshold was 250mW and up to 87mW of idler was generated. Fine-tuning behavior of the OPO and material quality of the PPRTA were investigated. We believe this to be the first reported example of an externally-pumped cw OPO based on PPRTA.
BibTeX:
@article{Lindsay2003,
  author = {Lindsay, I. D. and Stothard, D. J. M. and Rae, C. F. and Dunn, M. H.},
  title = {Continuous-wave, pump-enhanced optical parametric oscillator based on periodically-poled RbTiOAsO4},
  journal = {Opt. Express},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {134-140},
  url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-2-134}
}
Lindsay, I.D., Turnbull, G.A., Dunn, M.H. & Ebrahimzadeh, M. Doubly resonant continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator pumped by a single-mode diode laser 1998 Opt. Lett.
Vol. 23(24), pp. 1889-1891 
article DOI  
Abstract: The performance characteristics of a doubly (signal and idler) resonant continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate and pumped by a 100-mW single-mode laser diode at 810 nm are reported. Pump power thresholds as low as 16 mW and wavelength tuning over the range 1.15-1.25 mu m at the signal and 2.31-2.66 mu m at the idler were achieved through variation of crystal temperature, pump wavelength, and grating period. Up to 5 mW of signal output was obtained with the single-mode diode pump, and signal powers of up to 39 mW were obtained when pumping with a 400-mW injection-locked broad-area diode laser. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Lindsay1998,
  author = {Lindsay, I. D. and Turnbull, G. A. and Dunn, M. H. and Ebrahimzadeh, M.},
  title = {Doubly resonant continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator pumped by a single-mode diode laser},
  journal = {Opt. Lett.},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {23},
  number = {24},
  pages = {1889-1891},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.23.001889}
}
Lovell, M.R., Dalgliesh, R.M., Richardson, R.M., Barnes, A.C., Enderby, J.E., Evans, B. & Webster, J.R.P. Depth of water incorporation into float glass surfaces studied by neutron reflection 1999 Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Vol. 1(9), pp. 2379-2381 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lovell1999a,
  author = {Lovell, M. R. and Dalgliesh, R. M. and Richardson, R. M. and Barnes, A. C. and Enderby, J. E. and Evans, B. and Webster, J. R. P.},
  title = {Depth of water incorporation into float glass surfaces studied by neutron reflection},
  journal = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {1},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2379-2381}
}
Lovell, M.R. & Richardson, R.M. Analysis methods in neutron and X-ray reflectometry 1999 Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science
Vol. 4(3), pp. 197-204 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lovell1999,
  author = {Lovell, M. R. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Analysis methods in neutron and X-ray reflectometry},
  journal = {Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {197-204}
}
Lu, C., Richardson, R., Pelton, R., Cosgrove, T. & Dalnoki-Veress, K. PEO penetration into water-plasticized poly(vinylphenol) thin films 2004 Macromolecules
Vol. 37(2), pp. 494-500 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lu2004,
  author = {Lu, C. and Richardson, R. and Pelton, R. and Cosgrove, T. and Dalnoki-Veress, K.},
  title = {PEO penetration into water-plasticized poly(vinylphenol) thin films},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {494-500}
}
Lymer, K.P., Dunn, P.E., Jones, J.C., Richardson, R.M. & Taylor, L. Spontaneous layer reorientation in smectic C liquid crystals 2000 Ferroelectrics
Vol. 244(1-4), pp. 395-404 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lymer2000,
  author = {Lymer, K. P. and Dunn, P. E. and Jones, J. C. and Richardson, R. M. and Taylor, L.},
  title = {Spontaneous layer reorientation in smectic C liquid crystals},
  journal = {Ferroelectrics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {244},
  number = {1-4},
  pages = {395-404}
}
Malardier-Jugroot, C., van de Ven, T.G.M., Cosgrove, T., Richardson, R.M. & Whitehead, M.A. Novel self-assembly of amphiphilic copolymers into nanotubes: Characterization by small-angle neutron scattering 2005 Langmuir
Vol. 21(22), pp. 10179-10187 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Malardier-Jugroot2005,
  author = {Malardier-Jugroot, C. and van de Ven, T. G. M. and Cosgrove, T. and Richardson, R. M. and Whitehead, M. A.},
  title = {Novel self-assembly of amphiphilic copolymers into nanotubes: Characterization by small-angle neutron scattering},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {21},
  number = {22},
  pages = {10179-10187}
}
McDonald, A.J. & Hanna, S. Computer simulations of wetting of solid surfaces by liquid crystals 2007 Physical Review E
Vol. 75(4), pp. 041703 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{McDonald2007,
  author = {McDonald, A. J. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Computer simulations of wetting of solid surfaces by liquid crystals},
  journal = {Physical Review E},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {75},
  number = {4},
  pages = {041703}
}
McDonald, A.J. & Hanna, S. Atomistic simulation of a model liquid crystal 2006 Journal Of Chemical Physics
Vol. 124(16), pp. 164906 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{McDonald2006,
  author = {McDonald, A. J. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Atomistic simulation of a model liquid crystal},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {124},
  number = {16},
  pages = {164906}
}
McDonald, A.J. & Hanna, S. Atomistic computer simulations of terraced wetting of model 8CB molecules at crystal surfaces 2004 Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals
Vol. 413, pp. 2271-2280 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{McDonald2004,
  author = {McDonald, A. J. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Atomistic computer simulations of terraced wetting of model 8CB molecules at crystal surfaces},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {413},
  pages = {2271--2280}
}
McKeown, N.B., Cook, M.J., Thomson, A.J., Harrison, K.J., Daniel, M.F., Richardson, R.M. & Roser, S.J. New Asymmetric Substitution of Phthalocyanines - Derivatives Designed for Deposition as Langmuir-Blodgett Films 1988 Thin Solid Films
Vol. 159, pp. 469-478 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{McKeown1988,
  author = {McKeown, N. B. and Cook, M. J. and Thomson, A. J. and Harrison, K. J. and Daniel, M. F. and Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J.},
  title = {New Asymmetric Substitution of Phthalocyanines - Derivatives Designed for Deposition as Langmuir-Blodgett Films},
  journal = {Thin Solid Films},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {469-478}
}
McKeown, N.B., Leznoff, C.C., Richardson, R.M. & Cherodian, A.S. A Highly Asymmetric Disk-Like Mesogen Based on the Tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin Macrocyclic Ring-System 1992 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 213, pp. 91-98 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{McKeown1992,
  author = {McKeown, N. B. and Leznoff, C. C. and Richardson, R. M. and Cherodian, A. S.},
  title = {A Highly Asymmetric Disk-Like Mesogen Based on the Tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin Macrocyclic Ring-System},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {213},
  pages = {91-98}
}
McMaster, T.J., Berry, M., Corfield, A.P. & Miles, M.J. Atomic force microscopy of the submolecular architecture of hydrated ocular mucins 1999 Biophysical Journal
Vol. 77(1), pp. 533-541 
article  
Abstract: High-resolution atomic force microscopy has been applied to the imaging of intact human ocular mucins in a near-physiological buffer. The mucins displayed a range of lengths from several hundred nanometers to several microns. By varying the ionic composition of the imaging environment, it was possible to image molecules rigidly fixed to the substrate and the motion of single molecules across the substrate. From static molecular images, high-resolution line profiles show a variation of up to +/-0.75 nm in thickness along the molecule. This variation is localized in regions of several tens of nanometers. It is interpreted in terms of the varying glycosylation along the mucin and is consistent with the known size of oligosaccharides in ocular mucins. The dynamic images indicate the possibility of following mucin interactions in situ.
BibTeX:
@article{McMaster1999a,
  author = {McMaster, T. J. and Berry, M. and Corfield, A. P. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Atomic force microscopy of the submolecular architecture of hydrated ocular mucins},
  journal = {Biophysical Journal},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {77},
  number = {1},
  pages = {533--541}
}
MCMASTER, T.J., CARR, H., MILES, M.J., CAIRNS, P. & MORRIS, V.J. Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Images Of The Surface Ordering Of The Liquid-Crystal 4-N-Octyl-4'-Cyanobiphenyl 1991 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 9(1), pp. 11-18 
article  
Abstract: Images of the surface ordering of 4-n-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl, a room temperature smectic liquid crystal deposited upon graphite, have been obtained by scanning tunnelling microscopy. The microscope was operated in air using the constant-current mode. Under certain tunnelling conditions it has been possible to resolve both the aliphatic and aromatic parts of the molecule, and to observe individual benzene rings. Two previously unreported conformations have been observed: an overlapping bilayer structure with spacing 3.7 nm, and a monolayer structure with spacing 2.4 nm. The latter structure may represent the first visual evidence for a surface polar ordered structure.
BibTeX:
@article{MCMASTER1991a,
  author = {MCMASTER, T. J. and CARR, H. and MILES, M. J. and CAIRNS, P. and MORRIS, V. J.},
  title = {Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Images Of The Surface Ordering Of The Liquid-Crystal 4-N-Octyl-4'-Cyanobiphenyl},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11--18}
}
MCMASTER, T.J., CARR, H.J., MILES, M.J., CAIRNS, P. & MORRIS, V.J. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Of Poly(Gamma-Benzyl L-Glutamate) 1991 Macromolecules
Vol. 24(6), pp. 1428-1430 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{MCMASTER1991,
  author = {MCMASTER, T. J. and CARR, H. J. and MILES, M. J. and CAIRNS, P. and MORRIS, V. J.},
  title = {Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Of Poly(Gamma-Benzyl L-Glutamate)},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {24},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1428--1430}
}
MCMASTER, T.J., HICKISH, T., MIN, T., CUNNINGHAM, D. & MILES, M.J. Application Of Scanning Force Microscopy To Chromosome Analysis 1994 Cancer Genetics And Cytogenetics
Vol. 76(2), pp. 93-95 
article  
Abstract: The application of scanning force microscopy (SFM) to the imaging and analysis of chromosomes is described. This relatively new microscopical technique has been used to provide high-resolution, three-dimensional images of uncoated and unstained human chromosomes in which surface features less than 50 nm have been resolved. Comparison of SFM images with light microscopy data has permitted identification of specific chromosomes, and images of a chromosome showing a cytogenetic abnormality are presented. These preliminary results demonstrate that this technique has potential applications in the imaging and analysis of chromosome structure.
BibTeX:
@article{MCMASTER1994,
  author = {MCMASTER, T. J. and HICKISH, T. and MIN, T. and CUNNINGHAM, D. and MILES, M. J.},
  title = {Application Of Scanning Force Microscopy To Chromosome Analysis},
  journal = {Cancer Genetics And Cytogenetics},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {76},
  number = {2},
  pages = {93--95}
}
McMaster, T.J., Miles, M.J., Kasarda, D.D., Shewry, P.R. & Tatham, A.S. Atomic force microscopy of A-gliadin fibrils and in situ degradation 2000 Journal Of Cereal Science
Vol. 31(3), pp. 281-286 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in air and in aqueous buffer to study the structure of fibrils formed by the self-assembly of A-gliadin protein molecules. The images showed fibrils with a diameter of between 15 and 30 nm and lengths ranging from about 100 nm to 2 mu m. No branched fibrils were observed, and there was no indication of a strong lateral inter-fibril interaction that would result in side-by-side association. Disassembly of the fibrils occurred when the pH of the aqueous buffer was reduced. In contrast the reverse process of fibril assembly and adsorption to the mica surface was less readily observed in situ. Some short fibrils were observed to assemble, but the lengths and densities were considerably less than those obtained by external deposition and drying. (C) 2000 Academic Press.
BibTeX:
@article{McMaster2000a,
  author = {McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J. and Kasarda, D. D. and Shewry, P. R. and Tatham, A. S.},
  title = {Atomic force microscopy of A-gliadin fibrils and in situ degradation},
  journal = {Journal Of Cereal Science},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {281--286}
}
McMaster, T.J., Miles, M.J., Shewry, P.R. & Tatham, A.S. In situ surface adsorption of the protein C hordein using atomic force microscopy 2000 Langmuir
Vol. 16(4), pp. 1463-1468 
article  
Abstract: The surface adsorption of the rodlike protein C hordein has been directly imaged in the earliest stages of the process using atomic force microscopy. In a good solvent, 100 mM acetic acid, surface adsorption is marginally favored over desorption. However, a slight reduction in the concentration of the acetic acid leads to a marked increase in surface adsorption. The free surface is progressively covered to a single molecule thickness, with the molecule lying flat on the surface. Comparable in situ experiments on a hydrophobic surface, graphite, show that the protein- protein interaction dominates the surface adsorption on the hydrophilic surface.
BibTeX:
@article{McMaster2000,
  author = {McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J. and Shewry, P. R. and Tatham, A. S.},
  title = {In situ surface adsorption of the protein C hordein using atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1463--1468}
}
McMaster, T.J., Miles, M.J. & Walsby, A.E. Direct observation of protein secondary structure in gas vesicles by atomic force microscopy 1996 Biophysical Journal
Vol. 70(5), pp. 2432-2436 
article  
Abstract: The protein that forms the gas vesicle in the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae has been imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM) under liquid at room temperature. The protein constitutes ''ribs'' which, stacked together, form the hollow cylindrical tube and conical end caps of the gas vesicle. By operating the microscope in deflection mode, it has been possible to achieve sub-nanometer resolution of the rib structure. The lateral spacing of the ribs was found to be 4.6 +/- 0.1 nm. At higher resolution the ribs are observed to consist of pairs of lines at an angle of similar to 55 degrees to the rib axis, with a repeat distance between each line of 0.57 +/- 0.05 nm along the rib axis. These observed dimensions and periodicities are consistent with those determined from previous x-ray diffraction studies, indicating that the protein is arranged in beta-chains crossing the rib at an angle of 55 degrees to the rib axis. The AFM results confirm the x-ray data and represent the first direct images of a beta-sheet protein secondary structure using this technique. The orientation of the GvpA protein component of the structure and the extent of this protein across the ribs have been established for the first time.
BibTeX:
@article{McMaster1996,
  author = {McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J. and Walsby, A. E.},
  title = {Direct observation of protein secondary structure in gas vesicles by atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Biophysical Journal},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {70},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2432--2436}
}
McMaster, T.J., Miles, M.J., Wannerberger, L., Eliasson, A.C., Shewry, P.R. & Tatham, A.S. Identification of microphases in mixed alpha- and omega-gliadin protein films investigated by atomic force microscopy 1999 Journal Of Agricultural And Food Chemistry
Vol. 47(12), pp. 5093-5099 
article  
Abstract: Pure and mixed films of alpha- and omega-gliadins were studied by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The technique was sensitive to the chemistry of the surface properties of the films, allowing imaging of the mixed gliadin phases at different ratios. In addition to the study of the phases at the micrometer level, higher resolution images allowed visualization of the protein films at the, molecular level. These studies may have relevance to the formation of phases in developing protein bodies in grain, where gliadins and glutenins are deposited together. It has been assumed that the protein bodies consist of a random network of proteins; these studies indicate that microphases could be present in protein bodies. The technique provides novel methods for studying mixed biopolymer systems.
BibTeX:
@article{McMaster1999,
  author = {McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J. and Wannerberger, L. and Eliasson, A. C. and Shewry, P. R. and Tatham, A. S.},
  title = {Identification of microphases in mixed alpha- and omega-gliadin protein films investigated by atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Journal Of Agricultural And Food Chemistry},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {47},
  number = {12},
  pages = {5093--5099}
}
McMaster, T.J., Winfield, M.O., Karp, A. & Miles, M.J. Analysis of cereal chromosomes by atomic force microscopy 1996 Genome
Vol. 39(2), pp. 439-444 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy has been applied to the study of plant chromosomes from cereal grasses Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), Triticum tauschii, and Hordeum vulgare (barley). Using standard mitotic metaphase squashes, high resolution images have been obtained of untreated chromosomes and also of chromosomes after C-banding, N-banding, and in situ hybridization. The true 3-dimensional nature of the images permits detailed analysis of the surface structure and, on untreated uncoated chromosomes, surface features on a length scale consistent with nucleosome structures have been observed. C+ and N+ regions are manifest as areas of high relief on a slightly collapsed chromosome structure. In situ hybridization leads to a more severe degradation of the native structure, although it is still possible to correlate the optical signal with the topography of the hybridized chromosome.
BibTeX:
@article{McMaster1996a,
  author = {McMaster, T. J. and Winfield, M. O. and Karp, A. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Analysis of cereal chromosomes by atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Genome},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2},
  pages = {439--444}
}
Miles, M.J., Smith, W.T. & Shapiro, J.S. Morphological investigation by atomic force microscopy and light microscopy of electropolymerised polypyrrole films 2000 Polymer
Vol. 41(9), pp. 3349-3356 
article  
Abstract: Use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) together with light microscopy (LM) provides an ideal opportunity for studying the initial growth of wrinkles on polypyrrole films. In situ experiments, where continuous AFM image data acquisition was carried out during growth of thin polypyrrole films on indium-tin oxide (ITO) anodes, proved unsuccessful because the height changes occurring during the deposition proved to be too large to handle by the instrument cantilever and fell outside of the range of the z-piezo transducer. However, ex situ experiments have yielded valuable information on the earliest stages of film formation. Parallel in situ experiments where growth was followed by dynamic light microscopy imaging complemented the AFM study to yield a clear picture of the mechanism of formation of wrinkles. Additionally, the experiments confirmed that wrinkles are an integral part of the film and are not an artefact induced in films, consequent to shrinkage or drying out. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Miles2000,
  author = {Miles, M. J. and Smith, W. T. and Shapiro, J. S.},
  title = {Morphological investigation by atomic force microscopy and light microscopy of electropolymerised polypyrrole films},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {41},
  number = {9},
  pages = {3349--3356}
}
Mitropoulos, A.C., Haynes, J.M., Richardson, R.M. & Kanellopoulos, N.K. Characterization of Porous-Glass by Adsorption of Dibromomethane in Conjunction with Small-Angle X-Ray-Scattering 1995 Physical Review B
Vol. 52(14), pp. 10035-10042 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Mitropoulos1995,
  author = {Mitropoulos, A. C. and Haynes, J. M. and Richardson, R. M. and Kanellopoulos, N. K.},
  title = {Characterization of Porous-Glass by Adsorption of Dibromomethane in Conjunction with Small-Angle X-Ray-Scattering},
  journal = {Physical Review B},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {52},
  number = {14},
  pages = {10035-10042}
}
Mitropoulos, A.C., Haynes, J.M., Richardson, R.M., Steriotis, T.A., Stubos, A.K. & Kanellopoulos, N.K. Water adsorption and small angle X-ray scattering studies on the effect of coal thermal treatment 1996 Carbon
Vol. 34(6), pp. 775-781 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Mitropoulos1996,
  author = {Mitropoulos, A. C. and Haynes, J. M. and Richardson, R. M. and Steriotis, T. A. and Stubos, A. K. and Kanellopoulos, N. K.},
  title = {Water adsorption and small angle X-ray scattering studies on the effect of coal thermal treatment},
  journal = {Carbon},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {34},
  number = {6},
  pages = {775-781}
}
Miwa, J., Weigelt, S., Gersen, H., Besenbacher, F., Rosei, F. & Linderoth, T. Azobenzene on Cu(110): Adsorption site-dependent diffusion 2006 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
Vol. 128(10), pp. 3164-3165 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000236035100029,
  author = {Miwa, JA and Weigelt, S and Gersen, H and Besenbacher, F and Rosei, F and Linderoth, TR},
  title = {Azobenzene on Cu(110): Adsorption site-dependent diffusion},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {128},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3164-3165},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja058413t}
}
Moerland, R., van Hulst, N., Gersen, H. & Kuipers, L. Probing the negative permittivity perfect lens at optical frequencies using near-field optics and single molecule detection 2005 OPTICS EXPRESS
Vol. 13(5), pp. 1604-1614 
article DOI  
Abstract: Recently, the existence of a perfect lens has been predicted, made of an artificial material that has a negative electric permittivity and a negative magnetic permeability. For optical frequencies a poormans version is predicted to exist in the sub-wavelength limit. Then, only the permittivity has to be negative, a demand that metals fulfill at optical frequencies. We propose a new measurement scheme to verify the performance of such a negative permittivity near-perfect lens at optical frequencies. The scheme is based on near-field scanning optical microscopy and single molecule detection. Prerequisite near-field single molecule data, necessary to assess the performance of the lens, is presented. A numerical evaluation, which includes absorption, of the expected performance of a slab of a realistic negative permittivity material confirms the merits of the scheme. (C) 2005 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000227487700027,
  author = {Moerland, RJ and van Hulst, NF and Gersen, H and Kuipers, L},
  title = {Probing the negative permittivity perfect lens at optical frequencies using near-field optics and single molecule detection},
  journal = {OPTICS EXPRESS},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1604-1614},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.001604}
}
Morgan, M., Cosgrove, T. & Richardson, R. The Diffusion of Benzene in High Silica Zeolite Zsm5 Studied by Pfgnmr and Quens 1989 Colloids and Surfaces
Vol. 36(2), pp. 209-219 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Morgan1989,
  author = {Morgan, M. and Cosgrove, T. and Richardson, R.},
  title = {The Diffusion of Benzene in High Silica Zeolite Zsm5 Studied by Pfgnmr and Quens},
  journal = {Colloids and Surfaces},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {209-219}
}
Morris, S., Hanna, S. & Miles, M.J. The self-assembly of plant cell wall components by single-molecule force spectroscopy and Monte Carlo modelling 2004 Nanotechnology
Vol. 15(9), pp. 1296-1301 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Morris2004,
  author = {Morris, S. and Hanna, S. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {The self-assembly of plant cell wall components by single-molecule force spectroscopy and Monte Carlo modelling},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {15},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1296--1301},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/15/9/031}
}
Ngai, A.K.Y., Persijn, S.T., Lindsay, I.D., Kosterev, A.A., Gross, P., Lee, C.J., Cristescu, S.M., Tittel, F.K., Boller, K.J. & Harren, F.J.M. Continuous wave optical parametric oscillator for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic trace gas sensing 2007 Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O.
Vol. 89(1), pp. 123-128 
article  
Abstract: A continuous wave optical parametric oscillator, generating up to 300 mW idler output in the 3-4 mu m wavelength region, and pumped by a fiber-amplified DBR diode laser is used for trace gas detection by means of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). Mode-hop-free tuning of the OPO output over 5.2 cm(-1) and continuous spectral coverage exceeding 16.5 cm(-1) were achieved via electronic pump source tuning alone. Online monitoring of the idler wavelength, with feedback to the DBR diode laser, provided an automated closed-loop control allowing arbitrary idler wavelength selection within the pump tuning range and locking of the idler wavelength with a stability of 1.7x10(-3) cm(-1) over at least 30 min. Using this approach, we locked the idler wavelength at an ethane absorption peak and obtained QEPAS data to verify the linear response of the QEPAS signal at different ethane concentrations (100 ppbv-20 ppmv) and different power levels. The detection limit for ethane was determined to be 13 ppbv (20 s averaging), corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 4.4x10(-7) cm(-1) W/Hz(1/2).
BibTeX:
@article{Ngai2007,
  author = {Ngai, A. K. Y. and Persijn, S. T. and Lindsay, I. D. and Kosterev, A. A. and Gross, P. and Lee, C. J. and Cristescu, S. M. and Tittel, F. K. and Boller, K. J. and Harren, F. J. M.},
  title = {Continuous wave optical parametric oscillator for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic trace gas sensing},
  journal = {Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O.},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {89},
  number = {1},
  pages = {123-128},
  note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 209PP Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 24 Ngai, A. K. Y. Persijn, S. T. Lindsay, I. D. Kosterev, A. A. Gross, P. Lee, C. J. Cristescu, S. M. Tittel, F. K. Boller, K.-J. Harren, F. J. M. SPRINGER}
}
Nieuwenhuis, A.F., Lee, C.J., van der Slot, P.J.M., Lindsay, I.D., Gross, P. & Boller, K.J. High-efficency mid-infrared ZnGeP2 optical parametric oscillater directly pumped by a lamp-pumped, Q-switched CrTmHo : YAG laser 2008 Opt. Lett.
Vol. 33, pp. 52-54 
article DOI  
Abstract: We report a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) based on a ZnGeP2 crystal directly pumped by a lamp-pumped Q-switched CrTmHo:YAG laser. The IR was tunable from 4.7 to 7.8 mu m via crystal angle tuning. A maximum optical to optical efficiency of 56% was obtained from the pump (2.09 mu m) to total IR at a pump energy of 6.5 mJ. The corresponding idler energy was 1.45 mJ. The SRO was measured to have a slope efficiency of 64% and a threshold of 1 mJ. The spatial beam quality of the idler, characterized by the M-2 parameter, was 1.38 when the SRO was pumped at 2.5 times threshold. These results show that ZnGeP2 optical parametric oscillators directly pumped by a CrTmHo:YAG laser can be operated efficiently, while maintaining good IR beam quality. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Nieuwenhuis2008,
  author = {Nieuwenhuis, A. F. and Lee, C. J. and van der Slot, P. J. M. and Lindsay, I. D. and Gross, P. and Boller, K. J.},
  title = {High-efficency mid-infrared ZnGeP2 optical parametric oscillater directly pumped by a lamp-pumped, Q-switched CrTmHo : YAG laser},
  journal = {Opt. Lett.},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {52-54},
  note = {Times Cited: 0},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.33.000052}
}
Organ, S.J., Hobbs, J.K. & Miles, M.J. Reorganization and melting of polyethylene single crystals: Complementary TEM, DSC, and real-time AFM studies 2004 Macromolecules
Vol. 37(12), pp. 4562-4572 
article  
Abstract: The reorganization and melting of single crystals of linear polyethylene with lozenge and truncated-lozenge habits has been studied in situ during slow continuous heating using atomic force microscopy. The morphological insights obtained are backed up by complementary experiments using transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry and have enabled us to identify different stages of melting/recrystallization. Visible melting is preceded by local reorganization within the crystals, the extent of which depends crucially on the thermal history of the sample and can influence subsequent behavior such as the preferential melting of one crystal sector before another. This is followed by distortion of the crystal edges and limited thickening which does not progress into the bulk of the crystal. Next, larger scale melting and recrystallization occurs within the bulk of the crystal, which leads to a progressive increase in melting point. The observed behavior supports a model of local melting and recrystallization rather than solid-state thickening, and overlying layers can behave quite independently. Finally, the thickened crystals melt at a temperature dependent on the thermal history of the sample.
BibTeX:
@article{Organ2004,
  author = {Organ, S. J. and Hobbs, J. K. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Reorganization and melting of polyethylene single crystals: Complementary TEM, DSC, and real-time AFM studies},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {37},
  number = {12},
  pages = {4562--4572}
}
Paananen, A., Tappura, K., Tatham, A.S., Fido, R., Shewry, P.R., Miles, M. & McMaster, T.J. Nanomechanical force measurements of gliadin protein interactions 2006 Biopolymers
Vol. 83(6), pp. 658-667 
article  
Abstract: The strength and nature of interactions between monomeric gliadin proteins involving alpha-alpha, omega-omega, and alpha-omega interactions in 0.01M acetic acid, and the effect of urea has been investigated. It was shown by means of nanomechanical force measurements that the stretching events in the separation curve after adhesive phenomena originated from proteins. These stretching events displayed different responses of the alpha- and omega-gliadins to area. While 2M urea caused the more globular alpha-gliadins to unfold, the beta-turn-rich omega-gliadins remained fairly stable even in 8M urea. This suggests different roles for gliadins in the formation of dough; while the omega-gliadins are still in a compact structure being responsible for the viscous,flow, the a-gliadins have already started to participate informing the network in dough. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BibTeX:
@article{Paananen2006,
  author = {Paananen, A. and Tappura, K. and Tatham, A. S. and Fido, R. and Shewry, P. R. and Miles, M. and McMaster, T. J.},
  title = {Nanomechanical force measurements of gliadin protein interactions},
  journal = {Biopolymers},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {83},
  number = {6},
  pages = {658--667}
}
Parry-Jones, L.A., Beldon, S.M., Brimicombe, P.D., Richardson, R.M., Rodriguez-Martin, D., Elston, S.J., Grossmann, J.G. & Mant, R. Sub-millisecond transient vertical chevron formation during the electroclinic effect in the smectic A* phase 2006 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 33(7), pp. 767-773 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Parry-Jones2006,
  author = {Parry-Jones, L. A. and Beldon, S. M. and Brimicombe, P. D. and Richardson, R. M. and Rodriguez-Martin, D. and Elston, S. J. and Grossmann, J. G. and Mant, R.},
  title = {Sub-millisecond transient vertical chevron formation during the electroclinic effect in the smectic A* phase},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {33},
  number = {7},
  pages = {767-773}
}
Parry-Jones, L.A., Beldon, S.M., Rodriguez-Martin, D., Richardson, R.M. & Elston, S.J. Studies of the alignment properties of antiferroelectric liquid crystals by X-ray diffraction 2002 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 29(8), pp. 1001-1005 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Parry-Jones2002,
  author = {Parry-Jones, L. A. and Beldon, S. M. and Rodriguez-Martin, D. and Richardson, R. M. and Elston, S. J.},
  title = {Studies of the alignment properties of antiferroelectric liquid crystals by X-ray diffraction},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {29},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1001-1005}
}
Pelton, R., Richardson, R., Cosgrove, T. & Ivkov, R. The effects of temperature and methanol concentration on the properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) at the air/solution interface 2001 Langmuir
Vol. 17(16), pp. 5118-5120 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Pelton2001,
  author = {Pelton, R. and Richardson, R. and Cosgrove, T. and Ivkov, R.},
  title = {The effects of temperature and methanol concentration on the properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) at the air/solution interface},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {17},
  number = {16},
  pages = {5118-5120}
}
Penfold, J., Richardson, R.M., Zarbakhsh, A., Webster, J.R.P., Bucknall, D.G., Rennie, A.R., Jones, R.A.L., Cosgrove, T., Thomas, R.K., Higgins, J.S., Fletcher, P.D.I., Dickinson, E., Roser, S.J., McLure, I.A., Hillman, A.R., Richards, R.W., Staples, E.J., Burgess, A.N., Simister, E.A. & White, J.W. Recent advances in the study of chemical surfaces and interfaces by specular neutron reflection 1997 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions
Vol. 93(22), pp. 3899-3917 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Penfold1997,
  author = {Penfold, J. and Richardson, R. M. and Zarbakhsh, A. and Webster, J. R. P. and Bucknall, D. G. and Rennie, A. R. and Jones, R. A. L. and Cosgrove, T. and Thomas, R. K. and Higgins, J. S. and Fletcher, P. D. I. and Dickinson, E. and Roser, S. J. and McLure, I. A. and Hillman, A. R. and Richards, R. W. and Staples, E. J. and Burgess, A. N. and Simister, E. A. and White, J. W.},
  title = {Recent advances in the study of chemical surfaces and interfaces by specular neutron reflection},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {93},
  number = {22},
  pages = {3899-3917}
}
Petridis, C., Lindsay, I.D., Stothard, D.J.M. & Ebrahimzadeh, M. Mode-hop-free tuning over 80 GHz of an extended cavity diode laser without antireflection coating 2001 Rev. Sci. Instrum.
Vol. 72(10), pp. 3811-3815 
article  
Abstract: We report 80 GHz of mode-hop-free tuning from an extended cavity diode laser (ECDL) without the need for antireflection coating on the diode facet. A large continuous tuning range was achieved by using a simple electronic circuit which simultaneously varies the diode laser current and external cavity length in an appropriate ratio. The ECDL employs a commercial, single mode AlGaAs diode laser, operating at 814 nm, in a Littrow external cavity configuration. The applicability of this technique to the most commonly available single-mode diode lasers without the requirement of antireflection coating, makes it an attractive approach for the attainment of mode-hop-free tuning over extended ranges. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Petridis2001,
  author = {Petridis, C. and Lindsay, I. D. and Stothard, D. J. M. and Ebrahimzadeh, M.},
  title = {Mode-hop-free tuning over 80 GHz of an extended cavity diode laser without antireflection coating},
  journal = {Rev. Sci. Instrum.},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {72},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3811-3815}
}
Phillips, P.L., Richardson, R.M., Cubitt, R. & Haslam, S.D. Glancing-angle neutron diffraction from smectic C liquid-crystal surfaces 1997 Journal of Applied Crystallography
Vol. 30, pp. 1096-1104 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Phillips1997a,
  author = {Phillips, P. L. and Richardson, R. M. and Cubitt, R. and Haslam, S. D.},
  title = {Glancing-angle neutron diffraction from smectic C liquid-crystal surfaces},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Crystallography},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1096-1104},
  note = {Part 6}
}
Phillips, P.L., Richardson, R.M., Zarbakhsh, A. & Haslam, S.D. An investigation of the porosity and surface roughness of liquid crystal alignment layers using neutron reflectivity 1997 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 23(5), pp. 699-708 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Phillips1997,
  author = {Phillips, P. L. and Richardson, R. M. and Zarbakhsh, A. and Haslam, S. D.},
  title = {An investigation of the porosity and surface roughness of liquid crystal alignment layers using neutron reflectivity},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {23},
  number = {5},
  pages = {699-708}
}
Phillips, T.L. & Hanna, S. A molecular dynamics study of the effect of ethyl branches on the orthorhombic structure of polyethylene 2005 Polymer
Vol. 46(24), pp. 11019-11034 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Phillips2005,
  author = {Phillips, T. L. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {A molecular dynamics study of the effect of ethyl branches on the orthorhombic structure of polyethylene},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {46},
  number = {24},
  pages = {11019--11034}
}
Phillips, T.L. & Hanna, S. A comparison of computer models for the simulation of crystalline polyethylene and the long n-alkanes. 2005 Polymer
Vol. 46(24), pp. 11003-11018 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Phillips2005a,
  author = {Phillips, T. L. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {A comparison of computer models for the simulation of crystalline polyethylene and the long n-alkanes.},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {46},
  number = {24},
  pages = {11003--11018}
}
Phillips, T.L., Saigol, Z.A. & Hanna, S. Computer simulation of rotator phases in liquid-crystalline polymers 1997 Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals Science And Technology Section A-Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals
Vol. 303, pp. 9-14 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Phillips1997b,
  author = {Phillips, T. L. and Saigol, Z. A. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Computer simulation of rotator phases in liquid-crystalline polymers},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals Science And Technology Section A-Molecular Crystals And Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {303},
  pages = {9--14}
}
Phipps, J.S., Richardson, R.M., Cosgrove, T. & Eaglesham, A. Neutron Reflection Studies of Copolymers at the Hexane Water Interface 1993 Langmuir
Vol. 9(12), pp. 3530-3537 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Phipps1993,
  author = {Phipps, J. S. and Richardson, R. M. and Cosgrove, T. and Eaglesham, A.},
  title = {Neutron Reflection Studies of Copolymers at the Hexane Water Interface},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {9},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3530-3537}
}
Picco, L.M., Bozec, L., Ulcinas, A., Engledew, D.J., Antognozzi, M., Horton, M.A. & Miles, M.J. Breaking the speed limit with atomic force microscopy 2007 Nanotechnology
Vol. 18(4), pp. 044030 (4pp) 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: High-speed atomic force microscopy (AFM) is important for following processes that occur on sub-second timescales for studies both in biology and materials science, and also for the ability to examine large areas of a specimen at high resolution in a practical length of time. Further developments of the previously reported high-speed contact-mode AFM are described. Two instruments are presented: (i)~a high-speed flexure stage arrangement capable of imaging at a video rate of 30~fps, and (ii) an ultra-high speed instrument using a combined tuning fork and flexure-stage scanning system capable of ultra-high-speed imaging in excess of 1000~fps. Results of imaging collagen fibres under ambient conditions at rates of up to 1300~frames~s[?]1 are presented. Despite tip-specimen relative velocities of up to 200~mm~s[?]1, no significant damage to the collagen specimen was observed even after tens of thousands of frames were acquired in the same area of the specimen.
BibTeX:
@article{Picco2007,
  author = {L M Picco and L Bozec and A Ulcinas and D J Engledew and M Antognozzi and M A Horton and M J Miles},
  title = {Breaking the speed limit with atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {044030 (4pp)},
  url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0957-4484/18/044030},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/4/044030}
}
Picco, L.M., Dunton, P.G., Ulcinas, A., Engledew, D.J., Hoshi, O., Ushiki, T. & Miles, M.J. High-speed AFM of human chromosomes in liquid 2008 Nanotechnology
Vol. 19(38), pp. 384018 (6pp) 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Further developments of the previously reported high-speed contact-mode AFM are described. The technique is applied to the imaging of human chromosomes at video rate both in air and in water. These are the largest structures to have been imaged with high-speed AFM and the first imaging in liquid to be reported. A possible mechanism that allows such high-speed contact-mode imaging without significant damage to the sample is discussed in the context of the velocity dependence of the measured lateral force on the AFM tip.
BibTeX:
@article{Picco2008,
  author = {L M Picco and P G Dunton and A Ulcinas and D J Engledew and O Hoshi and T Ushiki and M J Miles},
  title = {High-speed AFM of human chromosomes in liquid},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {19},
  number = {38},
  pages = {384018 (6pp)},
  note = {HSAFM},
  url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0957-4484/19/384018},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/38/384018}
}
Pizzey, C., Klein, S., Leach, E., van Duijneveldt, J.S. & Richardson, R.M. Suspensions of colloidal plates in a nematic liquid crystal: a small angle x-ray scattering study 2004 Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter
Vol. 16(15), pp. 2479-2495 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Pizzey2004,
  author = {Pizzey, C. and Klein, S. and Leach, E. and van Duijneveldt, J. S. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Suspensions of colloidal plates in a nematic liquid crystal: a small angle x-ray scattering study},
  journal = {Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {16},
  number = {15},
  pages = {2479-2495}
}
Ponomarenko, S.A., Agina, E.V., Boiko, N.I., Rebrov, E.A., Muzafarov, A.M., Richardson, R.M. & Shibaev, V.P. Liquid crystalline carbosilane dendrimers with terminal phenyl benzoate mesogenic groups: Influence of generation number on phase behaviour 2001 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 364, pp. 93-100 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Ponomarenko2001,
  author = {Ponomarenko, S. A. and Agina, E. V. and Boiko, N. I. and Rebrov, E. A. and Muzafarov, A. M. and Richardson, R. M. and Shibaev, V. P.},
  title = {Liquid crystalline carbosilane dendrimers with terminal phenyl benzoate mesogenic groups: Influence of generation number on phase behaviour},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {364},
  pages = {93-100}
}
Ponomarenko, S.A., Boiko, N.I., Shibaev, V.P., Richardson, R.M., Whitehouse, I.J., Rebrov, E.A. & Muzafarov, A.M. Carbosilane liquid crystalline dendrimers: From molecular architecture to supramolecular nanostructures 2000 Macromolecules
Vol. 33(15), pp. 5549-5558 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Ponomarenko2000,
  author = {Ponomarenko, S. A. and Boiko, N. I. and Shibaev, V. P. and Richardson, R. M. and Whitehouse, I. J. and Rebrov, E. A. and Muzafarov, A. M.},
  title = {Carbosilane liquid crystalline dendrimers: From molecular architecture to supramolecular nanostructures},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {33},
  number = {15},
  pages = {5549-5558}
}
Ponomarenko, S., Boiko, N., Rebrov, E., Muzafarov, A., Whitehouse, I., Richardson, R. & Shibaev, V. Synthesis, phase behaviour and structure of liquid crystalline carbosilane dendrimers with methoxyphenyl benzoate terminal mesogenic groups 1999 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 332, pp. 2553-+ 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Ponomarenko1999,
  author = {Ponomarenko, S. and Boiko, N. and Rebrov, E. and Muzafarov, A. and Whitehouse, I. and Richardson, R. and Shibaev, V.},
  title = {Synthesis, phase behaviour and structure of liquid crystalline carbosilane dendrimers with methoxyphenyl benzoate terminal mesogenic groups},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {332},
  pages = {2553-+}
}
Rajasingam, S., Sarua, A., Kuball, M., Cherodian, A., Miles, M.J., Younes, C.M., Yavich, B., Wang, W.N. & Grandjean, N. High-temperature annealing of AlGaN: Stress, structural, and compositional changes 2003 Journal Of Applied Physics
Vol. 94(10), pp. 6366-6371 
article  
Abstract: The effect of high-temperature annealing on stress in AlxGa1-xN in different ambients and at different temperatures was studied using ultraviolet micro-Raman spectroscopy. Low (x=0.08) and high (x=0.31 and x=0.34) composition AlGaN, grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), were compared. Compositional and morphological changes were monitored using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The Raman results demonstrate that all samples exhibit maximum stress changes in the compressive direction when annealed in an air ambient. AES confirms this to be due to higher oxygen incorporation after annealing in the air ambient, and shows higher oxygen incorporation in the vicinity of cracks and defects. MOCVD and MBE samples of a similar composition were found to reach the same biaxial stress, despite differences in initial stress and growth temperature. Relaxation of a parabolic intercrack stress profile to homogeneous stress was observed with annealing in all ambients for cracked samples. AFM results on cracked samples show an increase in width of the primary cracks along the <2 (1) over bar(1) over bar0> directions, and the formation of secondary cracks along the <1 (1) over bar 00> directions. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Rajasingam2003,
  author = {Rajasingam, S. and Sarua, A. and Kuball, M. and Cherodian, A. and Miles, M. J. and Younes, C. M. and Yavich, B. and Wang, W. N. and Grandjean, N.},
  title = {High-temperature annealing of AlGaN: Stress, structural, and compositional changes},
  journal = {Journal Of Applied Physics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {94},
  number = {10},
  pages = {6366--6371}
}
Reid, J.C., Carberry, D.M., Wang, G.M., Sevick, E.M., Evans, D.J. & Searles, D.J. Reversibility in nonequilibrium trajectories of an optically trapped particle 2004 Physical Review E
Vol. 70(1), pp. 016111 
article  
Abstract: The fluctuation theorem (FT) describes how a system's thermodynamic irreversibility develops in time from a completely thermodynamically reversible system at short observation times, to a thermodynamically irreversible one at infinitely long times. In this paper, we present a general definition of the dissipation function Omega(t), the quantitative argument in the fluctuation theorem (FT), that is a measure of a system's irreversibility. Originally cast for deterministic systems, we demonstrate, through the example of two recent experiments, that the dissipation function can be defined for stochastic systems. While the ensemble average of Omega(t) is positive definite irrespective of the system for which it is constructed, different expressions for Omega(t) can arise in stochastic and deterministic systems. Moreover, within the stochastic framework, Omega(t) is not unique. Nevertheless, each of these expressions for Omega(t) satisfies the FT.
BibTeX:
@article{Reid2004,
  author = {Reid, J. C. and Carberry, D. M. and Wang, G. M. and Sevick, E. M. and Evans, D. J. and Searles, D. J.},
  title = {Reversibility in nonequilibrium trajectories of an optically trapped particle},
  journal = {Physical Review E},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {70},
  number = {1},
  pages = {016111}
}
Richardson, R.M., Allman, J.M. & McIntyre, G.J. Neutron-Scattering from Mixtures of Isotopically Labeled Molecules a New Method for Determining the Orientational Distribution Function in Liquid-Crystals 1990 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 7(5), pp. 701-719 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1990,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Allman, J. M. and McIntyre, G. J.},
  title = {Neutron-Scattering from Mixtures of Isotopically Labeled Molecules a New Method for Determining the Orientational Distribution Function in Liquid-Crystals},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {7},
  number = {5},
  pages = {701-719}
}
Richardson, R.M., Barmatov, E.B., Whitehouse, I.J., Shibaev, V.P., Yongjie, T. & Godinho, M.H.F. A small angle neutron scattering study of the effect of molecular weight on the conformation of side chain liquid crystal polymers in a smectic phase 1999 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 330, pp. 1529-+ 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1999,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Barmatov, E. B. and Whitehouse, I. J. and Shibaev, V. P. and Yongjie, T. and Godinho, M. H. F.},
  title = {A small angle neutron scattering study of the effect of molecular weight on the conformation of side chain liquid crystal polymers in a smectic phase},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {330},
  pages = {1529-+},
  note = {Part 3}
}
Richardson, R.M., Dalgliesh, R.M., Brennan, T., Lovell, M.R. & Barnes, A.C. A neutron reflection study of the effect of water on the surface of float glass 2001 Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids
Vol. 292(1-3), pp. 93-107 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson2001,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Dalgliesh, R. M. and Brennan, T. and Lovell, M. R. and Barnes, A. C.},
  title = {A neutron reflection study of the effect of water on the surface of float glass},
  journal = {Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {292},
  number = {1-3},
  pages = {93-107}
}
Richardson, R.M., Gray, G.W. & Tajbakhsh, A.R. Neutron-Scattering Studies of Terminally Attached Side-Chain Liquid-Crystal Polymers 1993 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 14(3), pp. 871-879 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1993,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Gray, G. W. and Tajbakhsh, A. R.},
  title = {Neutron-Scattering Studies of Terminally Attached Side-Chain Liquid-Crystal Polymers},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {871-879}
}
Richardson, R.M. & Herring, N.J. X-Ray-Diffraction from Side-Chain Liquid-Crystal Polymers 1985 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 123(1-4), pp. 143-158 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1985,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Herring, N. J.},
  title = {X-Ray-Diffraction from Side-Chain Liquid-Crystal Polymers},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {123},
  number = {1-4},
  pages = {143-158}
}
Richardson, R.M. & Howard, J. A Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering Study of Nh4+-Ion Rotation in Nh4reo4 and an Explanation of Its Anomalous Nqr Frequency 1984 Chemical Physics
Vol. 86(1-2), pp. 235-244 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1984a,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Howard, J.},
  title = {A Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering Study of Nh4+-Ion Rotation in Nh4reo4 and an Explanation of Its Anomalous Nqr Frequency},
  journal = {Chemical Physics},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {86},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {235-244}
}
Richardson, R.M., Leadbetter, A.J., Bonsor, D.H. & Kruger, G.J. A Self-Consistent Interpretation of Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance and Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering Data from the Smectic-a and Nematic Phases of Ethyl 4-(4' Acetoxybenzylidine) Aminocinnamate 1980 Molecular Physics
Vol. 40(3), pp. 741-757 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1980,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Bonsor, D. H. and Kruger, G. J.},
  title = {A Self-Consistent Interpretation of Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance and Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering Data from the Smectic-a and Nematic Phases of Ethyl 4-(4' Acetoxybenzylidine) Aminocinnamate},
  journal = {Molecular Physics},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  pages = {741-757}
}
Richardson, R.M., Leadbetter, A.J., Carlile, C.J. & Howells, W.S. Very High-Resolution Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering Study of Smectic E-Phase, B-Phase and a-Phase of Deutero Normal-Butyl 4-(4'-Phenylbenzylideneamino)Cinnamate (D-Bpbac) 1978 Molecular Physics
Vol. 35(6), pp. 1697-1704 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1978a,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Carlile, C. J. and Howells, W. S.},
  title = {Very High-Resolution Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron-Scattering Study of Smectic E-Phase, B-Phase and a-Phase of Deutero Normal-Butyl 4-(4'-Phenylbenzylideneamino)Cinnamate (D-Bpbac)},
  journal = {Molecular Physics},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {35},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1697-1704}
}
Richardson, R.M., Leadbetter, A.J. & Frost, J.C. A Comparative-Study of the Molecular Motions in the 3-Smectic Phases of Isobutyl 4(4' Phenylbenzylideneamino) Cinnamate Using Incoherent Neutron-Scattering 1982 Molecular Physics
Vol. 45(6), pp. 1163-1191 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1982,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Frost, J. C.},
  title = {A Comparative-Study of the Molecular Motions in the 3-Smectic Phases of Isobutyl 4(4' Phenylbenzylideneamino) Cinnamate Using Incoherent Neutron-Scattering},
  journal = {Molecular Physics},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {45},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1163-1191}
}
Richardson, R.M., Leadbetter, A.J. & Frost, J.C. Structure and Dynamics of Smectic B-Phase 1978 Annales De Physique
Vol. 3(2-4), pp. 177-185 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1978,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Frost, J. C.},
  title = {Structure and Dynamics of Smectic B-Phase},
  journal = {Annales De Physique},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2-4},
  pages = {177-185}
}
Richardson, R.M., Leadbetter, A.J., Hayter, J.B., Stirling, W.G., Gray, G.W. & Tajbakhsh, A. Dynamics of the Modulated Crystal Smectic-B Phase of 50.7 by Neutron-Scattering Experiments 1984 Journal De Physique
Vol. 45(6), pp. 1061-1065 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1984,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Hayter, J. B. and Stirling, W. G. and Gray, G. W. and Tajbakhsh, A.},
  title = {Dynamics of the Modulated Crystal Smectic-B Phase of 50.7 by Neutron-Scattering Experiments},
  journal = {Journal De Physique},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {45},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1061-1065}
}
Richardson, R.M., Leadbetter, A.J., Mazid, M.A. & Tucker, P.A. Molecular Packing in Thermotropic Smectic Phases by Neutron and X-Ray-Diffraction 1987 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 149, pp. 329-345 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1987,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Mazid, M. A. and Tucker, P. A.},
  title = {Molecular Packing in Thermotropic Smectic Phases by Neutron and X-Ray-Diffraction},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {149},
  pages = {329-345}
}
Richardson, R.M., Pelton, R., Cosgrove, T. & Zhang, J. A neutron reflectivity study of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) at the air-water interface with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate 2000 Macromolecules
Vol. 33(17), pp. 6269-6274 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson2000,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Pelton, R. and Cosgrove, T. and Zhang, J.},
  title = {A neutron reflectivity study of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) at the air-water interface with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate},
  journal = {Macromolecules},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {33},
  number = {17},
  pages = {6269-6274}
}
Richardson, R.M., Ponomarenko, S.A., Boiko, N.I. & Shibaev, V.P. Liquid crystalline dendrimer of the fifth generation: From lamellar to columnar structure in thermotropic mesophases 1999 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 26(1), pp. 101-108 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1999b,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Ponomarenko, S. A. and Boiko, N. I. and Shibaev, V. P.},
  title = {Liquid crystalline dendrimer of the fifth generation: From lamellar to columnar structure in thermotropic mesophases},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101-108}
}
Richardson, R.M. & Roser, S.J. Neutron Reflection Studies of Spread Monolayers of Docosanoic Acid and Pentadecanoic Acid on Water 1991 Langmuir
Vol. 7(7), pp. 1458-1467 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1991,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J.},
  title = {Neutron Reflection Studies of Spread Monolayers of Docosanoic Acid and Pentadecanoic Acid on Water},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {7},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1458-1467}
}
Richardson, R.M. & Roser, S.J. X-Ray Reflectivity from Insoluble Monolayers Spread on Aqueous Subphases 1987 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 2(6), pp. 797-814 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1987a,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Roser, S. J.},
  title = {X-Ray Reflectivity from Insoluble Monolayers Spread on Aqueous Subphases},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {797-814}
}
Richardson, R.M., Swann, M.J., Hillman, A.R. & Roser, S.J. In-Situ Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Electroactive Films 1992 Faraday Discussions, pp. 295-306  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1992,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Swann, M. J. and Hillman, A. R. and Roser, S. J.},
  title = {In-Situ Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Electroactive Films},
  journal = {Faraday Discussions},
  year = {1992},
  pages = {295-306}
}
Richardson, R.M. & Taylor, P. Dielectric Permittivity Measurements of Tert-Butyl Compounds a Critical Comparison with Incoherent Quasielastic Neutron-Scattering Results 1984 Molecular Physics
Vol. 52(3), pp. 525-540 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1984b,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Taylor, P.},
  title = {Dielectric Permittivity Measurements of Tert-Butyl Compounds a Critical Comparison with Incoherent Quasielastic Neutron-Scattering Results},
  journal = {Molecular Physics},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {52},
  number = {3},
  pages = {525-540}
}
Richardson, R.M., Webster, J.R.P. & Zarbakhsh, A. Study of off-specular neutron reflectivity using a model system 1997 Journal of Applied Crystallography
Vol. 30, pp. 943-947 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1997,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Webster, J. R. P. and Zarbakhsh, A.},
  title = {Study of off-specular neutron reflectivity using a model system},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Crystallography},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {943-947},
  note = {Part 6}
}
Richardson, R.M., Whitehouse, I.J., Ponomarenko, S.A., Boiko, N.I. & Shibaev, V.P. X-ray diffraction from liquid crystalline carbosilane dendrimers 1999 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 330, pp. 1411-+ 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson1999a,
  author = {Richardson, R. M. and Whitehouse, I. J. and Ponomarenko, S. A. and Boiko, N. I. and Shibaev, V. P.},
  title = {X-ray diffraction from liquid crystalline carbosilane dendrimers},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {330},
  pages = {1411-+},
  note = {Part 3}
}
Rodriguez-Martin, D., Richardson, R.M. & Beldon, S. An x-ray study of devices containing a N*-> SmC* liquid crystal mixture 2004 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 409, pp. 421-435 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Rodriguez-Martin2004,
  author = {Rodriguez-Martin, D. and Richardson, R. M. and Beldon, S.},
  title = {An x-ray study of devices containing a N*-> SmC* liquid crystal mixture},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {409},
  pages = {421-435}
}
Roser, S.J., Richardson, R.M., Swann, M.J. & Hillman, A.R. Insitu Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Polybithiophene 1991 Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions
Vol. 87(17), pp. 2863-2864 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Roser1991,
  author = {Roser, S. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Swann, M. J. and Hillman, A. R.},
  title = {Insitu Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Polybithiophene},
  journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {87},
  number = {17},
  pages = {2863-2864}
}
Rospigliosi, A., Ehlich, R., Hoerber, H., Middelberg, A. & Moggridge, G. Electron Transfer of Plurimodified DNA SAMs 2007 Langmuir
Vol. 23(15), pp. 8264-8271 
article URL 
Abstract: An STM-based currentvoltage (I/V) investigation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 18 base pair (bp) oligonucleotide monolayers on gold is presented. Three bases of each of the immobilized and complementary strands were modified with either iodine or phenylethylene moieties. The oligonucleotides were immobilized on template stripped gold (tsg) surfaces and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). AFM imaging showed that monolayers of the expected height were formed. A comparative study of normal, halogenated, and phenyl-modified DNA was made with the STM in tunneling spectroscopy (TS) mode. I/V spectroscopic measurements in the range +-250 mV on both single- and double-stranded (ds) DNA monolayers (modified and unmodified) showed that for negative substrate bias (Usub) electron transfer is more efficient through a phenyl-modified monolayer than through normal or halogenated DNA. This effect was particularly clear below a threshold bias of 100 mV. For positive Usub, unmodified ds DNA was found to conduct slightly better than the modified strands. This is presumably caused by greater order in the unmodified versus modified DNA monolayers. Modifications on the immobilized (thiolated) strand seem to improve electron transport through the DNA monolayer more than modifications on the complementary (not surface-bound) strand.
BibTeX:
@article{Rospigliosi2007,
  author = {Rospigliosi, Alessandro and Ehlich, Rudolf and Hoerber, Heinrich and Middelberg, Anton and Moggridge, Geoff},
  title = {Electron Transfer of Plurimodified DNA SAMs},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  publisher = {American Chemical Society},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {23},
  number = {15},
  pages = {8264--8271},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la063704g}
}
Round, A.N., Berry, M., McMaster, T.J., Corfield, A.P. & Miles, M.J. Glycopolymer charge density determines conformation in human ocular mucin gene products: an atomic force microscope study 2004 Journal Of Structural Biology
Vol. 145(3), pp. 246-253 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been applied to the study of heterogeneity in the structure and function of individual biopolymers with complex structures such as glycoproteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. In this work we describe experiments which shed light on the heterogeneity of human ocular mucin gene products. By separating samples of native human ocular mucins on a caesium chloride density gradient, at least three populations consisting predominantly of products of the gene MUC5AC can be identified. Separation on the caesium chloride density gradient is governed by molecular architecture and charge density, and thus provides a route to the discrimination between different glycoforms within a glycoprotein sample. AFM images of these populations show that each is characterised by different conformational properties and polymer diameters, both of which can be attributed to differences in the degree and nature of glycosylation. These differences in glycosylation are likely to be the result of post-translational processing and may also have functional consequences. The AFM's ability to examine the composition of a predominantly single gene product population at the level of the single molecule allows the consequences of post-translational process heterogeneity to be examined at high resolution. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Round2004b,
  author = {Round, A. N. and Berry, M. and McMaster, T. J. and Corfield, A. P. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Glycopolymer charge density determines conformation in human ocular mucin gene products: an atomic force microscope study},
  journal = {Journal Of Structural Biology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {145},
  number = {3},
  pages = {246--253}
}
Round, A.N., Berry, M., McMaster, T.J., Stoll, S., Gowers, D., Corfield, A.P. & Miles, M.J. Heterogeneity and persistence length in human ocular mucins 2002 Biophysical Journal
Vol. 83(3), pp. 1661-1670 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to investigate the heterogeneity and flexibility of human ocular mucins and their subunits. We have paid particular attention, in terms of theory and experiment, to the problem of inducing the polymers to assume equilibrium conformations at a surface. Mucins deposited from a buffer containing Ni2+ ions adopt extended conformations on mica akin to those observed for DNA under similar conditions. The heterogeneity of the intracellular native mucins is evident from a histogram of contour lengths, reflecting, in part, the diversity of mucin gene products expressed. Reduction of the native mucin with dithiothreitol, thereby breaking the S=S bonds between cysteine residues, causes a marked reduction in polymer length. These results reflect the modes of transport and assembly of newly synthesized mucins in vivo. By modifying the worm-like chain model for applicability to two dimensions, we have confirmed that under the conditions employed mucin adsorbs to mica in an equilibrated conformation. The determined persistence length of the native mucin, 36 nm, is consistent with that of an extended, flexible polymer; such characteristics will influence the properties of the gels formed in vivo.
BibTeX:
@article{Round2002,
  author = {Round, A. N. and Berry, M. and McMaster, T. J. and Stoll, S. and Gowers, D. and Corfield, A. P. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Heterogeneity and persistence length in human ocular mucins},
  journal = {Biophysical Journal},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {83},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1661--1670}
}
Round, A.N., McMaster, T.J., Miles, M.J., Corfield, A.P. & Berry, M. The isolated MUC5AC gene product from human ocular mucin displays intramolecular conformational heterogeneity 2007 Glycobiology
Vol. 17(6), pp. 578-585 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to show that human ocular mucins contain at least three distinct polymer conformations, separable by isopycnic, density gradient centrifugation. In this work we have used affinity purification against the anti(mucin peptide core) monoclonal antibody 45M1 to isolate MUC5AC gene products, a major component of human ocular mucins. AFM images confirm that the affinity-purified polymers adopt distinct conformations that coidentify with two of those observed in the parent population, and further reveal that these two different conformations can be present within the same polymer. AFM images of the complexes formed after incubation of 45M1 with the parent sample reveal different rates of binding to the two MUC5AC polymer types. The variability of gene products within a mucin population was revealed by analyzing the height distributions along the polymer contour and periodicities in distances between occupied antibody binding sites. AFM analysis of mucin polymers at the single molecule level provides new information about the genetic origins of individual polymers and the contributions of glycosylation to the physicochemical properties of mucins, which can be correlated with information obtained from biochemistry, antibody binding assays, and molecular biology techniques.
BibTeX:
@article{Round2007,
  author = {Round, A. N. and McMaster, T. J. and Miles, M. J. and Corfield, A. P. and Berry, M.},
  title = {The isolated MUC5AC gene product from human ocular mucin displays intramolecular conformational heterogeneity},
  journal = {Glycobiology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {17},
  number = {6},
  pages = {578--585}
}
Round, A.N. & Miles, M.J. Exploring the consequences of attractive and repulsive interaction regimes in tapping mode atomic force microscopy of DNA 2004 Nanotechnology
Vol. 15(4), pp. S176-S183 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) in an ambient environment is a widely employed tool in the field of characterization of materials at the nanoscale. Significant advances have recently been made in the understanding of the physics behind some of the complexities of its operation, the most profound being the prediction and demonstration of the existence of the attractive and repulsive regimes of tip-sample interaction. In this paper we present an investigation of the criteria required for accessing the two imaging regimes, a simple method for controlling the transition between them in situ, and an assessment of their consequences for topographic and phase shift images of DNA. We find that the transition from repulsive to attractive regime imaging is characterized by a large increase in topographic height and concomitant decrease and sign inversion of the phase shift recorded over single molecules of DNA on mica. By varying the frequency at which the cantilever is driven, we can select which regime we wish to operate in routinely and reproducibly. Controlling the tip-sample interaction in this way greatly improves images of fragile nanoscale structures such as single molecules.
BibTeX:
@article{Round2004,
  author = {Andrew N Round and Mervyn J Miles},
  title = {Exploring the consequences of attractive and repulsive interaction regimes in tapping mode atomic force microscopy of DNA},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4},
  pages = {S176-S183},
  url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0957-4484/15/S176},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/15/4/011}
}
Saez, I.M., Goodby, J.W. & Richardson, R.M. A liquid-crystalline silsesquioxane dendrimer exhibiting chiral nematic and columnar mesophases 2001 Chemistry-a European Journal
Vol. 7(13), pp. 2758-2764 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Saez2001,
  author = {Saez, I. M. and Goodby, J. W. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {A liquid-crystalline silsesquioxane dendrimer exhibiting chiral nematic and columnar mesophases},
  journal = {Chemistry-a European Journal},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {7},
  number = {13},
  pages = {2758-2764}
}
Salahshoor-Kordestani, S., Hanna, S. & Windle, A.H. The role of crystallinity in the deformation of main-chain liquid-crystalline copolyesters 2000 Polymer
Vol. 41(17), pp. 6619-6626 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Salahshoor-Kordestani2000,
  author = {Salahshoor-Kordestani, S. and Hanna, S. and Windle, A. H.},
  title = {The role of crystallinity in the deformation of main-chain liquid-crystalline copolyesters},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {41},
  number = {17},
  pages = {6619--6626}
}
Sanz, N., Hobbs, J.K. & Miles, M.J. In situ annealing and thickening of single crystals of C(294)H(590)observed by atomic force microscopy 2004 Langmuir
Vol. 20(14), pp. 5989-5997 
article  
Abstract: The annealing behavior of twice-folded crystals of the long-chain alkane C294H590 is examined in situ, in real time, by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM is capable of following processes in real time provided that the time scale is sufficiently long for several images to be collected during the process. In this paper, we focus on the temperature dependence and the thickened morphology. We are able to investigate where the thickening starts and how this depends on temperature and how melting is influenced by morphology. By following the motion of holes within the crystal, a lower limit for the rate of diffusion of crystalline polyethylene is estimated. We also focus on the substrate effect on the crystal morphology and thickening, using mica, glass, and graphite.
BibTeX:
@article{Sanz2004,
  author = {Sanz, N. and Hobbs, J. K. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {In situ annealing and thickening of single crystals of C(294)H(590)observed by atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {20},
  number = {14},
  pages = {5989--5997}
}
Saunders, J.M., Goodwin, J.W., Richardson, R.M. & Vincent, B. A small-angle X-ray scattering study of the structure of aqueous laponite dispersions 1999 Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Vol. 103(43), pp. 9211-9218 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Saunders1999,
  author = {Saunders, J. M. and Goodwin, J. W. and Richardson, R. M. and Vincent, B.},
  title = {A small-angle X-ray scattering study of the structure of aqueous laponite dispersions},
  journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {103},
  number = {43},
  pages = {9211-9218}
}
Schultz, J.M. & Miles, M.J. AFM study of morphological development during the melt-crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) 1998 Journal Of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics
Vol. 36(13), pp. 2311-2325 
article  
Abstract: The atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to investigate morphological development during the crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) from the melt. PEOs with molecular weights of 1 x 10(5) and 7 x 10(6) were used. Height and amplitude images were recorded, using the tapping mode. For both polymers, the mode of spherulite development varied with the velocity of the growth front. For slow growth velocities, the growth of the crystallites was linear, with growth initially occurring by single lamellae, later developing into growth arms by screw dislocation spawning of crystallites. At intermediate growth velocities, stacks of lamellae develop rapidly. The splaying apart of adjacent crystals and growth arms is abundant. The operation of growth spirals was observed directly in this growth velocity range. The crystals formed by the giant screw dislocations diverge immediately from the original growth direction, providing a source of interlamellar splaying. At low and intermediate velocities, the front propagates by the advance of primary growth arms, with the regions between the arms filled in by arms growing behind the primary front. At the highest velocity observed here, the formation of lamellar bundles and immediate splaying results in recognizable spherulites developing at the earliest stages of crystallization. The change from linear growth to splaying and nonlinear growth are qualitatively explained in terms of driving force, elastic resistance and the presence of compositional and/or elastic fields in the melt. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BibTeX:
@article{Schultz1998,
  author = {Schultz, J. M. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {AFM study of morphological development during the melt-crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide)},
  journal = {Journal Of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {36},
  number = {13},
  pages = {2311--2325}
}
SHEWRY, P.R., MILES, M.J. & TATHAM, A.S. The Prolamin Storage Proteins Of Wheat And Related Cereals 1994 Progress In Biophysics & Molecular Biology
Vol. 61(1), pp. 37-59 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{SHEWRY1994,
  author = {SHEWRY, P. R. and MILES, M. J. and TATHAM, A. S.},
  title = {The Prolamin Storage Proteins Of Wheat And Related Cereals},
  journal = {Progress In Biophysics & Molecular Biology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--59}
}
Shewry, P.R., Miles, M.J., THomson, N.H. & Tatham, A.S. Scanning probe microscopes - Applications in cereal science 1997 Cereal Chemistry
Vol. 74(3), pp. 193-199 
article  
Abstract: Scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) are a family of related instruments which can produce high-resolution images of structures at the molecular and atomic levels. Their main impact so far has been in surface science, but they also have tremendous potential for the study of biomolecules. In this article we will briefly introduce the properties and principles of these instruments, and then discuss a range of preliminary studies from our laboratories in relation to future applications in cereal science.
BibTeX:
@article{Shewry1997,
  author = {Shewry, P. R. and Miles, M. J. and THomson, N. H. and Tatham, A. S.},
  title = {Scanning probe microscopes - Applications in cereal science},
  journal = {Cereal Chemistry},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {74},
  number = {3},
  pages = {193--199}
}
Shibaev, V.P., Barmatov, E.B., Tao, Y.J. & Richardson, R. Conformations of the chain and structure of comb-shaped liquid-crystalline poly(methacrylates) with a varying molecular mass 2000 Polymer Science Series A
Vol. 42(10), pp. 1086-1096 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Shibaev2000,
  author = {Shibaev, V. P. and Barmatov, E. B. and Tao, Y. J. and Richardson, R.},
  title = {Conformations of the chain and structure of comb-shaped liquid-crystalline poly(methacrylates) with a varying molecular mass},
  journal = {Polymer Science Series A},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {42},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1086-1096}
}
Simpson, S.H., Benito, D.C. & Hanna, S. Polarization-induced torque in optical traps 2007 Physical Review A
Vol. 76(4), pp. 043408 
article DOI  
Abstract: In the field of optical trapping and micromanipulation it is well known that linearly polarized Gaussian beams, which possess no inherent angular momentum, can exert an orienting torque on optically or geometrically anisotropic particles. Conservation of angular momentum requires that the application of such a torque be compensated for by an equivalent, and opposite, angular momentum flux in the beam. In the following paper we analyze this effect in terms of both the scattered field, and the mechanical torque experienced by the particle. It is demonstrated that, in general, the scattered field has a complicated form, carrying both spin and orbital angular momentum. However, we show that the variation of torque with rotation angle is identically equal to A+B sin(2 alpha+beta) for arbitrarily shaped particles, where A, B, and beta are constants and alpha is the angular displacement of the major axis of the particle from the polarization direction. The scattered field, and the mechanical torque, are seen to reduce to qualitatively distinct forms that depend on the symmetry group of the scattering particle. Our findings are verified and illustrated by a series of numerical calculations of the forces and torques experienced by arbitrarily shaped particles trapped in linearly polarized Gaussian beams.
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2007,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Benito, D. C. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Polarization-induced torque in optical traps},
  journal = {Physical Review A},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {76},
  number = {4},
  pages = {043408},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.76.043408}
}
Simpson, S.H. & Hanna, S. Rotation of absorbing spheres in Laguerre-Gaussian beams 2009 Journal Of The Optical Society Of America A-Optics Image Science And Vision
Vol. 26(1), pp. 173-183 
article DOI  
Abstract: It is well known that optical vortex beams carry orbital as well as spin angular momentum. This optical angular momentum can manifest itself mechanically, for example in tightly focused Laguerre-Gaussian beams, where trapped, weakly absorbing spheres rotate at a rate proportional to the total angular momentum carried by the beam. In the present paper we subject this system to a rigorous analysis involving expansions in vector spherical wave functions that culminates in a simple expression for the torque on the sphere. It is seen that, for large weakly absorbing spheres, the induced torque per unit power is independent of the detailed structure of the incident field, being a simple function of two indices that describe the helicity and polarization state of the beam, the relative refractive indices of the sphere and ambient medium, the absorption index of the sphere, and its radius. A number of relationships between the coefficients of these expansions are also developed. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2009,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Rotation of absorbing spheres in Laguerre-Gaussian beams},
  journal = {Journal Of The Optical Society Of America A-Optics Image Science And Vision},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {173--183},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.26.000173}
}
Simpson, S.H. & Hanna, S. Optical angular momentum transfer by Laguerre-Gaussian beams 2009 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
Vol. 26(3), pp. 625-638 
article DOI URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2009a,
  author = {Stephen H. Simpson and Simon Hanna},
  title = {Optical angular momentum transfer by Laguerre-Gaussian beams},
  journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. A},
  publisher = {OSA},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {26},
  number = {3},
  pages = {625--638},
  url = {http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-26-3-625},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.26.000625}
}
Simpson, S.H. & Hanna, S. Thermal motion of a holographically trapped SPM-like probe 2009 Nanotechnology
Vol. 20(39), pp. 395710- 
other URL 
Abstract: By holding a complex object in multiple optical traps, it may be harmonically bound with respect to both its position and its orientation. In this way a small probe, or nanotool , can be manipulated in three dimensions and used to measure and apply directed forces, in the manner of a scanning probe microscope. In this paper we evaluate the thermal motion of such a probe held in holographic optical tweezers, by solving the Langevin equation for the general case of a set of spherical vertices linked by cylindrical rods. The concept of a corner frequency , familiar from the case of an optically trapped sphere, is appropriately extended to represent a set of characteristic frequencies given by the eigenvalues of the product of the stiffness matrix and the inverse hydrodynamic resistance matrix of the tool. These eigenvalues may alternatively be interpreted as inverses of a set of characteristic relaxation times for the system. The approach is illustrated by reference to a hypothetical tool consisting of a triangular arrangement of spheres with a lateral probe. The characteristic frequencies and theoretical resolution of the device are derived; variations of these quantities with tool size and orientation and with the optical power distribution, are also considered.
BibTeX:
@other{Simpson2009b,
  author = {Simpson, Stephen H and Hanna, Simon},
  title = {Thermal motion of a holographically trapped SPM-like probe},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {20},
  number = {39},
  pages = {395710--},
  url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0957-4484/20/i=39/a=395710}
}
Simpson, S.H. & Hanna, S. Optical trapping of spheroidal particles in Gaussian beams 2007 Journal Of The Optical Society Of America A-Optics Image Science And Vision
Vol. 24(2), pp. 430-443 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2007a,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Optical trapping of spheroidal particles in Gaussian beams},
  journal = {Journal Of The Optical Society Of America A-Optics Image Science And Vision},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {430--443},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.24.000430}
}
Simpson, S.H. & Hanna, S. Numerical calculation of interparticle forces arising in association with holographic assembly 2006 Journal Of The Optical Society Of America A-Optics Image Science And Vision
Vol. 23(6), pp. 1419-1431 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2006,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Numerical calculation of interparticle forces arising in association with holographic assembly},
  journal = {Journal Of The Optical Society Of America A-Optics Image Science And Vision},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {23},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1419--1431},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.23.001419}
}
Simpson, S.H. & Hanna, S. Scanning near-field optical microscopy of metallic features 2005 Optics Communications
Vol. 256(4-6), pp. 476-488 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2005b,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Scanning near-field optical microscopy of metallic features},
  journal = {Optics Communications},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {256},
  number = {4-6},
  pages = {476--488}
}
Simpson, S.H. & Hanna, S. Analysis of the effects arising from the near-field optical microscopy of homogeneous dielectric slabs 2001 Optics Communications
Vol. 196(1-6), pp. 17-31 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2001,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Analysis of the effects arising from the near-field optical microscopy of homogeneous dielectric slabs},
  journal = {Optics Communications},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {196},
  number = {1-6},
  pages = {17--31}
}
Simpson, S.H., Richardson, R.M. & Hanna, S. Influence of dye molecules on the birefringence of liquid crystal mixtures at near infrared frequencies 2007 Journal Of Chemical Physics
Vol. 127(10), pp. 104901 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2007b,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Richardson, R. M. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Influence of dye molecules on the birefringence of liquid crystal mixtures at near infrared frequencies},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {127},
  number = {10},
  pages = {104901}
}
Simpson, S.H., Richardson, R.M. & Hanna, S. Calculation of the birefringences of nematic liquid crystals at optical and infrared wavelengths 2005 Journal Of Chemical Physics
Vol. 123(13) 
article  
Abstract: In this paper we critically examine computational methods for predicting the birefringences of nematic liquid crystals, with a view to screening molecules for potential use in infrared applications. Using the liquid-crystal 5CB as a test molecule, we calculate molecular electronic polarizabilities using ab initio quantum-mechanical techniques and a wide range of basis sets. We show that the polarizabilities tend to a limiting value as the quality of the basis set is improved. However, the biggest hurdle remains the determination of the refractive index from the polarizability data. We examine several methods for performing this conversion and conclude that the simplest equation, due to Vuks, is adequate for predicting the birefringence, given the uncertainties involved in other parameters. The agreement between calculation and experiment is best described as "semiquantitative." We perform similar calculations for a wide range of nematic liquid crystals at both 589 and 1550 nm, taking into account the likely impact of molecular vibrations at the longer wavelength. We demonstrate that there is a simple scale factor, for conventional nematics, between the birefringence at visible wavelengths and in the infrared. Thus knowledge of the birefringence at optical wavelengths, as widely available in the literature, is a good guide to the usefulness of conventional nematic liquid crystals as active elements for optical switching in the telecommunications industry. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2005,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Richardson, R. M. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Calculation of the birefringences of nematic liquid crystals at optical and infrared wavelengths},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {123},
  number = {13}
}
Simpson, S.H., Richardson, R.M. & Hanna, S. Calculation of the birefringences of nematic liquid crystals at optical and infrared wavelengths 2005 Journal Of Chemical Physics
Vol. 123(13), pp. 134904 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Simpson2005a,
  author = {Simpson, S. H. and Richardson, R. M. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Calculation of the birefringences of nematic liquid crystals at optical and infrared wavelengths},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {123},
  number = {13},
  pages = {134904}
}
Smith, A., Carlile, C.J., Prager, M. & Richardson, R.M. Analysis of Quasi-Elastic and Inelastic-Scattering from Crystal Analyzer Instruments 1990 Institute of Physics Conference Series(107), pp. 267-277  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Smith1990,
  author = {Smith, A. and Carlile, C. J. and Prager, M. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Analysis of Quasi-Elastic and Inelastic-Scattering from Crystal Analyzer Instruments},
  journal = {Institute of Physics Conference Series},
  year = {1990},
  number = {107},
  pages = {267-277}
}
Stothard, D.J.M., Lindsay, I.D. & Dunn, M.H. Continuous-wave pump-enhanced optical parametric oscillator with ring resonator for wide and continuous tuning of single-frequency radiation 2004 Opt. Express
Vol. 12(3), pp. 502-511 
article DOI  
Abstract: We demonstrate a PPLN based pump-enhanced, singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator configured in a traveling wave geometry and pumped by a Ti:sapphire laser. The inclusion of a low finesse etalon within the OPO cavity stabilizes the signal frequency, and rotation of the etalon allows this frequency to be systematically hopped from axial mode to nearest neighbor axial mode over the entire free spectral range of the etalon (83 GHz). Tuning of the pump frequency allows the signal frequency to be smoothly tuned over a cavity free spectral range. More than 35 mW of single frequency idler power was generated in the spectral range 2800-3000 nm for 600 mW pump power. The superiority of traveling wave over standing wave geometries in these regards is discussed. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Stothard2004,
  author = {Stothard, D. J. M. and Lindsay, I. D. and Dunn, M. H.},
  title = {Continuous-wave pump-enhanced optical parametric oscillator with ring resonator for wide and continuous tuning of single-frequency radiation},
  journal = {Opt. Express},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {502-511},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.000502}
}
Summers, M., Eastoe, J., Davis, S., Du, Z.P., Richardson, R.M., Heenan, R.K., Steytler, D. & Grillo, I. Polymerization of cationic surfactant phases 2001 Langmuir
Vol. 17(17), pp. 5388-5397 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Summers2001,
  author = {Summers, M. and Eastoe, J. and Davis, S. and Du, Z. P. and Richardson, R. M. and Heenan, R. K. and Steytler, D. and Grillo, I.},
  title = {Polymerization of cationic surfactant phases},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {17},
  number = {17},
  pages = {5388-5397}
}
Summers, M., Eastoe, J. & Richardson, R.M. Concentrated polymerized cationic surfactant phases 2003 Langmuir
Vol. 19(16), pp. 6357-6362 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Summers2003,
  author = {Summers, M. and Eastoe, J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {Concentrated polymerized cationic surfactant phases},
  journal = {Langmuir},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {19},
  number = {16},
  pages = {6357-6362}
}
SYKES, K.E., MCMASTER, T.J., MILES, M.J., BARKER, P.A., BARHAM, P.J., SEEBACH, D., MULLER, H.M. & LENGWEILER, U.D. Direct Imaging Of The Surfaces Of Poly(Beta) Hydroxybutyrate And Hydroxybutyrate Oligomers By Atomic-Force Microscopy 1995 Journal Of Materials Science
Vol. 30(3), pp. 623-627 
article  
Abstract: Attempts have been made to image the fold surface of a single crystal of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using the relatively new technique of atomic force microscopy (AFM). To overcome the obscuring of the fold surface by loose loops of polymer and chain ends, two different approaches were used. We first studied the single crystals of an oligomer of 32 HB units, which is known to fold once very tightly within a crystal, using AFM. Secondly, studies were made of single crystals of PHB which have been chemically degraded with methylamine to etch away the ''amorphous'' layer of loosely folded material, in an attempt to expose the fold surface. The crystal of the 32-mer had a similar morphology to those of the polymer PHB. However, at high magnification, lines of ridges were observed which ran parallel to the crystallographic b axis with a spacing of 0.7 nm, similar to the dimensions of the unit cell (0.58, 1.32, and 0.60 nm). It was not possible to differentiate between chain ends and folds. The partially etched PHB crystals maintained enough integrity to permit imaging by AFM, although surface detail could not be resolved on a molecular scale.
BibTeX:
@article{SYKES1995,
  author = {SYKES, K. E. and MCMASTER, T. J. and MILES, M. J. and BARKER, P. A. and BARHAM, P. J. and SEEBACH, D. and MULLER, H. M. and LENGWEILER, U. D.},
  title = {Direct Imaging Of The Surfaces Of Poly(Beta) Hydroxybutyrate And Hydroxybutyrate Oligomers By Atomic-Force Microscopy},
  journal = {Journal Of Materials Science},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {30},
  number = {3},
  pages = {623--627}
}
Tamayo, J., Humphris, A.D.L. & Miles, M.J. Piconewton regime dynamic force microscopy in liquid 2000 Applied Physics Letters
Vol. 77(4), pp. PII [S0003-6951(00)03830-4] 
article  
Abstract: In this work, a cantilever in a fluid is driven by a mixed signal composed of a standard driving signal and a feedback signal consisting of the amplified and phase shifted oscillation signal. This mimics the oscillation of a cantilever with a quality factor up to three orders of magnitude higher than its natural Q (similar to 1). This technique allows the identification of the resonance frequency of the cantilever by mechanical excitation of the fluid. The improved sensitivity has been checked by imaging a very soft sample of 1% agarose gel in the dynamic mode. A force smaller than 50 pN could be applied to the sample, improving the spatial resolution and the phase contrast significantly. This technique provides a major improvement in atomic force microscopy/spectroscopy in liquids. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(00)03830-4].
BibTeX:
@article{Tamayo2000,
  author = {Tamayo, J. and Humphris, A. D. L. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Piconewton regime dynamic force microscopy in liquid},
  journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {77},
  number = {4},
  pages = {PII [S0003-6951(00)03830-4]}
}
Tamayo, J., Humphris, A.D.L., Owen, R.J. & Miles, M.J. High-Q dynamic force microscopy in liquid and its application to living cells 2001 Biophysical Journal
Vol. 81(1), pp. 526-537 
article  
Abstract: We present a new dynamic force microscopy technique for imaging in liquids in the piconewton regime. The low quality factor (Q) of the cantilever is increased up to three orders of magnitude by the implementation of a positive feedback control. The technique also includes a phase-locked loop unit to track the resonance of the cantilever. Experiments and computer simulations indicate that the tip-sample forces are below 100 pN, about two orders of magnitude lower than in conventional tapping mode atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, the spectroscopic ability is greatly enhanced. Either the phase shift or the resonant frequency shows a high sensitivity to variations in either the energy dissipation or conservative interactions between the tip and the sample, respectively. The potential of this technique is demonstrated by imaging living cells.
BibTeX:
@article{Tamayo2001,
  author = {Tamayo, J. and Humphris, A. D. L. and Owen, R. J. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {High-Q dynamic force microscopy in liquid and its application to living cells},
  journal = {Biophysical Journal},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {81},
  number = {1},
  pages = {526--537}
}
Tatham, A.S., McMaster, T.J., Humphris, A.D.L., Miles, M.J. & Shewry, P.R. Scanning probe microscopy studies of cereal seed storage structures 1999 Scanning
Vol. 21(2), pp. 121-122 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Tatham1999a,
  author = {Tatham, A. S. and McMaster, T. J. and Humphris, A. D. L. and Miles, M. J. and Shewry, P. R.},
  title = {Scanning probe microscopy studies of cereal seed storage structures},
  journal = {Scanning},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {121--122}
}
Tatham, A.S., Thomson, N.H., McMaster, T.J., Humphris, A.D.L., Miles, M.J. & Shewry, P.R. Scanning probe microscopy studies of cereal seed storage protein structures 1999 Scanning
Vol. 21(5), pp. 293-298 
article  
Abstract: Scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) share a number of common features which give the techniques advantages over conventional light and electron microscopy. First, high resolution, up to the atomic level, is possible in certain cases, and second, they are nondestructive, requiring no staining or coating and the images can be obtained in the hydrated state or under water. Scanning probe microscopes, particularly scanning tunnelling microscopes (STM) and atomic force microscopes (AFM), have been used to study food-related systems, ranging from relatively large structures such as starch granules to the organisation of secondary structures in proteins and the interaction nf proteins The seed storage proteins (gluten) of wheat are responsible for the viscous and elastic properties of wheat doughs that allow them to be used for a wide range of different food products. Using AFM and STM, images of individual and groups of proteins have been obtained in both the dry and hydrated states. The ability to work in liquid environments allows the conformation of proteins to be determined under conditions approaching "native." The AFM and STM have been used to image both gliadins and glutenins and to study their aggregative behaviour in relation to gluten and dough systems.
BibTeX:
@article{Tatham1999,
  author = {Tatham, A. S. and Thomson, N. H. and McMaster, T. J. and Humphris, A. D. L. and Miles, M. J. and Shewry, P. R.},
  title = {Scanning probe microscopy studies of cereal seed storage protein structures},
  journal = {Scanning},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {21},
  number = {5},
  pages = {293--298}
}
Taylor, L., Richardson, R.M., Ebbutt, J. & Jones, J.C. X-ray diffraction studies of the smectic A to smectic C* transition within a surface stabilised liquid crystal cell 1995 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Vol. 263, pp. 255-270 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Taylor1995,
  author = {Taylor, L. and Richardson, R. M. and Ebbutt, J. and Jones, J. C.},
  title = {X-ray diffraction studies of the smectic A to smectic C* transition within a surface stabilised liquid crystal cell},
  journal = {Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section a-Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {263},
  pages = {255-270}
}
Taylor, L., Richardson, R.M., Ebbutt, J., Jones, J.C. & Haslam, S.D. X-ray Diffraction Studies of Surface Stabilised Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals in both Low and High Pre-Tilt Devices 1996 Ferroelectrics
Vol. 181, pp. 71-82 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Taylor1996,
  author = {Taylor, L. and Richardson, R. M. and Ebbutt, J. and Jones, J. C. and Haslam, S. D. },
  title = {X-ray Diffraction Studies of Surface Stabilised Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals in both Low and High Pre-Tilt Devices},
  journal = {Ferroelectrics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {181},
  pages = {71-82}
}
Thomson, N.H., Miles, M.J., Popineau, Y., Harries, J., Shewry, P. & Tatham, A.S. Small angle X-ray scattering of wheat seed-storage proteins: alpha-, gamma- and omega-gliadins and the high molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin 1999 Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Protein Structure And Molecular Enzymology
Vol. 1430(2), pp. 359-366 
article  
Abstract: Small angle X-ray scattering in solution was performed on seed-storage proteins from wheat. Three different groups of gliadins (alpha-, gamma- and omega-) and a high molecular weight (HMW) subunit of glutenin (1Bx20) were studied to determine molecular size parameters, All the gliadins could be modelled as prolate ellipsoids with extended conformations. The HMW subunit existed as a highly extended rod-like particle in solution with a length of about 69 nm and a diameter of about 6.4 nm, Specific aggregation effects were observed which may reflect mechanisms of self-assembly that contribute to the unique viscoelastic properties of wheat dough. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Thomson1999,
  author = {Thomson, N. H. and Miles, M. J. and Popineau, Y. and Harries, J. and Shewry, P. and Tatham, A. S.},
  title = {Small angle X-ray scattering of wheat seed-storage proteins: alpha-, gamma- and omega-gliadins and the high molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin},
  journal = {Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Protein Structure And Molecular Enzymology},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {1430},
  number = {2},
  pages = {359--366}
}
Tsibouklis, J., Petty, M., Song, Y.P., Richardson, R., Yarwood, J., Petty, M.C. & Feast, W.J. Docosanoyl Itaconate/1-Docosylamine Alternate-Layer Langmuir-Blodgett-Films - Polymerization, Pyroelectric Properties and Infrared Spectroscopic Studies 1991 Journal of Materials Chemistry
Vol. 1(5), pp. 819-826 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Tsibouklis1991,
  author = {Tsibouklis, J. and Petty, M. and Song, Y. P. and Richardson, R. and Yarwood, J. and Petty, M. C. and Feast, W. J.},
  title = {Docosanoyl Itaconate/1-Docosylamine Alternate-Layer Langmuir-Blodgett-Films - Polymerization, Pyroelectric Properties and Infrared Spectroscopic Studies},
  journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {1},
  number = {5},
  pages = {819-826}
}
Turnbull, G.A., McGloin, D., Lindsay, I.D., Ebrahimzadeh, M. & Dunn, M.H. Extended mode-hop-free tuning by use of a dual-cavity, pump-enhanced optical parametric oscillator 2000 Opt. Lett.
Vol. 25(5), pp. 341-343 
article DOI  
Abstract: We report extended mode-hop-free tuning in a continuous-wave, pump-enhanced optical parametric oscillator (PE-OPO). We employ a dual-cavity configuration to allow independent control of the resonant pump and signal fields, and so we can suppress frequent mode hops in the signal as the pump is tuned in frequency. With the signal field clamped in frequency by an uncoated etalon, the idler field can be scanned smoothly through a range of 10.8 GHz. The PE-OPO outputs can also be tuned coarsely from 1.01 to 1.18 mu m in the signal and from 2.71 to 3.26 mu m and 4.07 to 5.26 mu m in the idler. We find that increased idler absorption only slightly increases the oscillation threshold. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America. OCIS codes: 190.2620, 190.4360, 190.4970.
BibTeX:
@article{Turnbull2000,
  author = {Turnbull, G. A. and McGloin, D. and Lindsay, I. D. and Ebrahimzadeh, M. and Dunn, M. H.},
  title = {Extended mode-hop-free tuning by use of a dual-cavity, pump-enhanced optical parametric oscillator},
  journal = {Opt. Lett.},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {25},
  number = {5},
  pages = {341-343},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.25.000341}
}
Ulcinas, A., Butler, M.F., Heppenstall-Butler, M., Singleton, S. & Miles, M.J. Direct observation of spherulitic growth stages of CaCO3 in a poly(acrylic acid)-chitosan system: In situ SPM study 2007 Journal Of Crystal Growth
Vol. 307, pp. 378-385 
article  
Abstract: Crystallization of a CaCO3 thin film from supersaturated solution on chitosan in the presence of poly-acrylic acid was investigated by in situ AFM and SNOM. It was directly observed that crystallization proceeds through characteristic stages consistent with the theory of spherulitic growth: development of individual branches, build-up of larger scale "lobe" features, followed by overgrowth and ripening. We propose that crystallization of CaCO3 on chitosan in the presence of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) proceeds in a gelatinous matrix formed by PAA stabilized amorphous CaCO3,. the spherulitic character of crystallization is initiated by the high viscosity of gel and presence of PAA impurities. Characteristic sizes of spherulite features deviate significantly from the prediction based on diffusivity of PAA in water due to low diffusivity of PAA in gel. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Ulcinas2007,
  author = {Ulcinas, A. and Butler, M. F. and Heppenstall-Butler, M. and Singleton, S. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Direct observation of spherulitic growth stages of CaCO3 in a poly(acrylic acid)-chitosan system: In situ SPM study},
  journal = {Journal Of Crystal Growth},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {307},
  pages = {378--385}
}
Valdre, G., Antognozzi, M., Wotherspoon, A. & Miles, M.J. Influence of properties of layered silicate minerals on adsorbed DNA surface affinity, self-assembly and nanopatterning 2004 Philosophical Magazine Letters
Vol. 84, pp. 539-545 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: We report on the specific interaction between DNA and some mica-family minerals and other layered silicate structures. The interaction depends on mineral surface&#039;s crystallography, chemistry and potential. These properties are responsible for a remarkable variety of adsorption mechanisms and can be used to modulate surface self-assembly and nanopatterning of DNA. The controlled deposition of DNA onto non-conductive mineral regions with atomically flat boundaries has very attractive applications in nano-biotechnology (for example, microelectronics, microarrays and sensors). In addition, the extreme affinity discovered for some mineral surfaces, together with their ability to organize the DNA molecules, could be an indication of their catalytic potential. It may also have had relevance in the prebiotic environment, with important implications for the earth and life sciences.
BibTeX:
@article{Valdre2004,
  author = {Giovanni Valdre and Massimo Antognozzi and Alex Wotherspoon and Mervyn J. Miles},
  title = {Influence of properties of layered silicate minerals on adsorbed DNA surface affinity, self-assembly and nanopatterning},
  journal = {Philosophical Magazine Letters},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {84},
  pages = {539-545},
  url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/tphl/2004/00000084/00000009/art00001},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500830512331325082}
}
Vallee, R., Tomczak, N., Gersen, H., van Dijk, E., Garcia-Parajo, M., Vancso, G. & van Hulst, N. On the role of electromagnetic boundary conditions in single molecule fluorescence lifetime studies of dyes embedded in thin films 2001 CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS
Vol. 348(3-4), pp. 161-167 
article  
Abstract: Single molecule fluorescence lifetime studies are generally performed in thin polymer films, where the influence of the interface on the behaviour of fluorescing molecules is not negligible. In order to describe this influence, we investigate annealed films of different thickness. We show that the distribution of fluorescence lifetimes of the embedded dyes is shifted to lower values as the thickness of the film increases. We explain this shift by simple electromagnetic arguments related to the boundary conditions at the interfaces of the polymer film with air and glass, respectively. The conclusion is that extreme care must be taken in order to interpret single molecule data with respect to the true chemical nature of the phenomena. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000172089900001,
  author = {Vallee, R and Tomczak, N and Gersen, H and van Dijk, EMHP and Garcia-Parajo, MF and Vancso, GJ and van Hulst, NF},
  title = {On the role of electromagnetic boundary conditions in single molecule fluorescence lifetime studies of dyes embedded in thin films},
  journal = {CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {348},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {161-167}
}
Vazquez-Campos, S., Peter, M., Dong, M., Xu, S., Xu, W., Gersen, H., Linderoth, T.R., Schonherr, H., Besenbacher, F., Crego-Calama, M. & Reinhoudt, D.N. Self-organization of gold-containing hydrogen-bonded rosette assemblies on graphite surface 2007 LANGMUIR
Vol. 23(20), pp. 10294-10298 
article DOI  
Abstract: The self-organization of supramolecular structures, in particular gold-containing hydrogen-bonded rosettes, on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces was investigated by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). TM-AFM and high-resolution STM results show that these hydrogen-bonded assemblies self-organize to form highly ordered domains on HOPG surfaces. We find that a subtle change in one of the building blocks induces two different orientations of the assembly with respect to the surface. These results provide information on the control over the construction of supramolecular nanoarchitectures in 2D with the potential for the manufacturing of functional materials based on structural manipulation of molecular components.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000249560100050,
  author = {Vazquez-Campos, Socorro and Peter, Maria and Dong, Mingdong and Xu, Sailong and Xu, Wei and Gersen, Henkjan and Linderoth, Trolle R. and Schonherr, Holger and Besenbacher, Flemming and Crego-Calama, Mercedes and Reinhoudt, David N.},
  title = {Self-organization of gold-containing hydrogen-bonded rosette assemblies on graphite surface},
  journal = {LANGMUIR},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {23},
  number = {20},
  pages = {10294-10298},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la701330v}
}
Vicary, J.A. & Miles, M.J. Real-time nanofabrication with high-speed atomic force microscopy 2009 Nanotechnology
Vol. 20(9), pp. 095302 
article DOI  
Abstract: The ability to follow nanoscale processes in real-time has obvious benefits for the future of material science. In particular, the ability to evaluate the success of fabrication processes in situ would be an advantage for many in the semiconductor industry. We report on the application of a previously described high-speed atomic force microscope (AFM) for nanofabrication. The specific fabrication method presented here concerns the modification of a silicon surface by locally oxidizing the region in the vicinity of the AFM tip. Oxide features were fabricated during imaging, with relative tip-sample velocities of up to 10 cm s(-1), and with a data capture rate of 15 fps.
BibTeX:
@article{Vicary2009,
  author = {Vicary, J. A. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Real-time nanofabrication with high-speed atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Nanotechnology},
  publisher = {Iop Publishing Ltd},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {20},
  number = {9},
  pages = {095302},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/9/095302}
}
Vicary, J. & Miles, M. Pushing the boundaries of local oxidation nanolithography: Short timescales and high speeds 2008 Ultramicroscopy
Vol. 108(10)Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Scanning Probe Micrososcopy, Sensors and Nanostructures, pp. 1120-1123 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Vicary2008,
  author = {Vicary, J.A. and Miles, M.J.},
  title = {Pushing the boundaries of local oxidation nanolithography: Short timescales and high speeds},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Scanning Probe Micrososcopy, Sensors and Nanostructures},
  journal = {Ultramicroscopy},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {108},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1120--1123},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TW1-4SH6BDG-3/2/c6a86db163b7c569df1784bf969ce125}
}
Walsby, A.E. & Dunton, P.G. Gas vesicles in actinomycetes? 2006 Trends in Microbiology
Vol. 14(3), pp. 99-100 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Walsby2006,
  author = {Walsby, A. E. and Dunton, P. G.},
  title = {Gas vesicles in actinomycetes?},
  journal = {Trends in Microbiology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {99-100},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.002}
}
Wang, G.M., Reid, J.C., Carberry, D.M., Williams, D.R.M., Sevick, E.M. & Evans, D.J. Experimental study of the fluctuation theorem in a nonequilibrium steady state 2005 Physical Review E
Vol. 71(4), pp. 046142 
article  
Abstract: The fluctuation theorem (FT) quantifies the probability of second law violations in small systems over short time scales. While this theorem has been experimentally demonstrated for systems that are perturbed from an initial equilibrium state, there are a number of studies suggesting that the theorem applies asymptotically in the long time limit to systems in a nonequilibrium steady state. The asymptotic application of the FT to such nonequilibrium steady states has been referred to in the literature as the steady-state fluctuation theorem (or SSFT). In this paper, we demonstrate experimentally the application of the FT to nonequilibrium steady states, using a colloidal particle localized in a translating optical trap. Furthermore, we show, for this colloidal system, that the FT holds under nonequilibrium steady states for all time, and not just in the long time limit, as in the SSFT.
BibTeX:
@article{Wang2005,
  author = {Wang, G. M. and Reid, J. C. and Carberry, D. M. and Williams, D. R. M. and Sevick, E. M. and Evans, D. J.},
  title = {Experimental study of the fluctuation theorem in a nonequilibrium steady state},
  journal = {Physical Review E},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {71},
  number = {4},
  pages = {046142}
}
Wannerberger, L., Nylander, T., Eliasson, A.C., Tatham, A.S., Fido, R.J., Miles, M.J. & McMaster, T.J. Interaction between alpha-gliadin layers 1997 Journal Of Cereal Science
Vol. 26(1), pp. 1-13 
article  
Abstract: The interaction between layers of alpha-gliadin has been studied by the surface force technique. The protein was both deposited according to the Langmuir-Blodgett technique and adsorbed onto hydrophilic mica surfaces. Deposition was performed at surface pressures of 10 and 20 mN/m, and contact angle measurements of the hydrophobic films indicated a more homogenous layer al the higher surface pressure. Atomic force microscopy images showed no significant differences between surfaces deposited at the two surface pressures. From the surface force measurements, the contact separation indicated a layer thickness of 65 Angstrom. The long range forces between deposited gliadin layers in the presence of 1.0 and 0.1 mM sodium chloride were dominated by electrostatic repulsion, and the absence of long-range steric forces suggested that the molecules in the protein film adopt a very compact conformation. Some adhesive force was obtained upon decompression. The interaction between alpha-gliadin layers adsorbed from ethanol solution, and measured in the presence of sodium chloride aqueous solution: was dominated by steric forces. From AFM measurements, the adsorbed film was markedly rougher than the deposited film, but displayed degree of shorter-range order. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited.
BibTeX:
@article{Wannerberger1997,
  author = {Wannerberger, L. and Nylander, T. and Eliasson, A. C. and Tatham, A. S. and Fido, R. J. and Miles, M. J. and McMaster, T. J.},
  title = {Interaction between alpha-gliadin layers},
  journal = {Journal Of Cereal Science},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--13}
}
Ward, R.C., Leadbetter, A.J., Richardson, R.M. & Stirling, W.G. Cooperative Dynamics in the Disordered Phase of Tertiary Butyl Cyanide 1987 Molecular Physics
Vol. 60(1), pp. 213-224 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Ward1987,
  author = {Ward, R. C. and Leadbetter, A. J. and Richardson, R. M. and Stirling, W. G.},
  title = {Cooperative Dynamics in the Disordered Phase of Tertiary Butyl Cyanide},
  journal = {Molecular Physics},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {60},
  number = {1},
  pages = {213-224}
}
Wescott, J.T., Fisher, L.R. & Hanna, S. Use of thermodynamic integration to calculate the hydration free energies of n-alkanes 2002 Journal Of Chemical Physics
Vol. 116(6), pp. 2361-2369 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Wescott2002,
  author = {Wescott, J. T. and Fisher, L. R. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {Use of thermodynamic integration to calculate the hydration free energies of n-alkanes},
  journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {116},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2361--2369}
}
Wescott, J.T. & Hanna, S. The influence of flexible side chains on the dimensions of flexible polymers 1999 Computational And Theoretical Polymer Science
Vol. 9(3-4), pp. 307-326 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Wescott1999,
  author = {Wescott, J. T. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {The influence of flexible side chains on the dimensions of flexible polymers},
  journal = {Computational And Theoretical Polymer Science},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {307--326}
}
Wescott, J.T. & Hanna, S. The influence of flexible side chains on the statistics of flexible polymers. 1997 Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society
Vol. 213, pp. 232-COMP 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Wescott1997,
  author = {Wescott, J. T. and Hanna, S.},
  title = {The influence of flexible side chains on the statistics of flexible polymers.},
  journal = {Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {213},
  pages = {232--COMP}
}
Whyte, G., Gibson, G., Leach, J., Padgett, M., Robert, D. & Miles, M. An optical trapped microhand for manipulating micron-sized objects 2006 Opt. Express
Vol. 14(25), pp. 12497-12502 
article DOI URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Whyte2006,
  author = {Graeme Whyte and Graham Gibson and Jonathan Leach and Miles Padgett and Daniel Robert and Mervyn Miles},
  title = {An optical trapped microhand for manipulating micron-sized objects},
  journal = {Opt. Express},
  publisher = {OSA},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {14},
  number = {25},
  pages = {12497--12502},
  url = {http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-25-12497},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.012497}
}
Williams, T.P., Hanna, S. & Read, M.S.D. Computer simulation of randomly cross-linked polymer melts. 2001 Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society
Vol. 222, pp. U391-U391 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Williams2001,
  author = {Williams, T. P. and Hanna, S. and Read, M. S. D.},
  title = {Computer simulation of randomly cross-linked polymer melts.},
  journal = {Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {222},
  pages = {U391--U391}
}
Williamson, R.L., Brereton, L.J., Antognozzi, M. & Miles, M.J. Are artefacts in scanning near-field optical microscopy related to the misuse of shear force? 1998 Ultramicroscopy
Vol. 71(1-4), pp. 165-175 
article  
Abstract: It is becoming clear that a significant proportion of scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) images are artefacts caused by adjusting the tip-sample separation when scanning. An example that occurred with shear-force regulation is given in this work and it is shown that constant-height imaging provides a partial solution to the problem. The problem could be intrinsic to closed-loop imaging or occur through using shear-force regulation incorrectly. An operational protocol is presented which shows that for maximum sensitivity, shear forces should be measured off resonance. Simultaneous tunnelling measurements have been used to demonstrate that with this protocol, shear-force measurements can provide non-contact operation in the case of differential interferometer-based systems. It has been observed that differences in substrate material produce significant phase changes in the probe oscillation. Here, the phase shift would have resulted in the probe-sample separation being approximately 7 Angstrom smaller when the probe resided over aluminium islands on the test specimen. Whether this error is responsible for the observed optical artefacts is still being determined. (C) 1998 published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Williamson1998,
  author = {Williamson, R. L. and Brereton, L. J. and Antognozzi, M. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Are artefacts in scanning near-field optical microscopy related to the misuse of shear force?},
  journal = {Ultramicroscopy},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science Bv},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {71},
  number = {1-4},
  pages = {165--175},
  note = {TDFM - Brief discussion of the imaging mechanism}
}
Williamson, R.L. & Miles, M.J. Studying topography and sub-surface structure of 8CB liquid crystal films with shear-force microscopy 1996 Journal Of Applied Physics
Vol. 80(6), pp. 3143-3146 
article  
Abstract: Scanning shear-force microscopy, which is usually employed to track scanning near-field optical microscopy probes across samples, was used to observe the sub-surface smectic layer structure through the thickness of a film of the alkyl cyanobiphenyl liquid crystal 8CB on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite substrate from force-distance measurements. With the noncontact imaging shear-force microscopy supplies, it was possible to follow, in the topography, the movement of a monolayer of the 8CB molecules. This has enabled the diffusion of molecules in a precursor film of 8CB to be observed without significantly disrupting the free liquid surface. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Williamson1996,
  author = {Williamson, R. L. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Studying topography and sub-surface structure of 8CB liquid crystal films with shear-force microscopy},
  journal = {Journal Of Applied Physics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {80},
  number = {6},
  pages = {3143--3146}
}
Williamson, R.L. & Miles, M.J. Melt-drawn scanning near-field optical microscopy probe profiles 1996 Journal Of Applied Physics
Vol. 80(9), pp. 4804-4812 
article  
Abstract: Consistently obtaining super-resolution with scanning near-field optical microscopy depends almost entirely on the ability to manufacture reproducibly probes with aperture sizes smaller than 100 nm. The probe fabrication process usually involves heating an optical fiber using a CO2 laser and melt-drawing the glass to produce a taper. A number of variables ultimately define the taper shape but the actual effects these parameters have an still not clear. In this work, the physics behind the taper formation is examined in detail for the first time and equations describing the initial taper profile and the final aperture size are derived in terms of the experimental conditions. It is shown that the taper shape is primarily determined by the laser spot size. The pulling force, although important, has a lower significance. Continuum mechanics and Stefan's law are used to show that the aperture size is closely related to the radius of the fiber at the start of the hard pull and the fiber temperature at that time. Further comparisons of experimental data with the expected taper profile exposes the heating effect of the CO2 laser. Further analysis is given using a form of Mie theory which describes the interaction of electromagnetic fields with cylindrical structures. These results give many significant insights into the fabrication process and the formation of the aperture. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
BibTeX:
@article{Williamson1996a,
  author = {Williamson, R. L. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Melt-drawn scanning near-field optical microscopy probe profiles},
  journal = {Journal Of Applied Physics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {80},
  number = {9},
  pages = {4804--4812}
}
WILLIAMSON, R.L., MILES, M.J. & JANDT, K.D. Examining polymeric materials with near-field optics 1995 Near-Field Optics
Vol. 2535, pp. 82-91 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{WILLIAMSON1995,
  author = {WILLIAMSON, R. L. and MILES, M. J. and JANDT, K. D.},
  title = {Examining polymeric materials with near-field optics},
  journal = {Near-Field Optics},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {2535},
  pages = {82--91}
}
Windsor, C.G., Damien, J.C., Lefebvre, J. & Richardson, R.M. The Neutron-Scattering Function S(Q,Omega) from Adamantane 1981 Journal of Physics C-Solid State Physics
Vol. 14(11), pp. 1555-1567 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Windsor1981,
  author = {Windsor, C. G. and Damien, J. C. and Lefebvre, J. and Richardson, R. M.},
  title = {The Neutron-Scattering Function S(Q,Omega) from Adamantane},
  journal = {Journal of Physics C-Solid State Physics},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {14},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1555-1567}
}
WINFIELD, M., MCMASTER, T.J., KARP, A. & MILES, M.J. Atomic-Force Microscopy Of Plant Chromosomes 1995 Chromosome Research
Vol. 3(2), pp. 128-131 
article  
Abstract: Atomic force microscopy has been used to image plant chromosomes from standard preparations without staining or coating. This has enabled the collection of high-resolution three-dimensional data on surface structure. The technique has been further applied to the imaging of C-banded chromosomes revealing structural changes resulting from the banding treatment. The bands were observed as localized areas of high relief.
BibTeX:
@article{WINFIELD1995,
  author = {WINFIELD, M. and MCMASTER, T. J. and KARP, A. and MILES, M. J.},
  title = {Atomic-Force Microscopy Of Plant Chromosomes},
  journal = {Chromosome Research},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {128--131}
}
Winkel, A.K. & Miles, M.J. Surface crystallography of polybutene-1 by atomic force microscopy 2000 Polymer
Vol. 41(6), pp. 2313-2317 
article  
Abstract: The surface of ultra-thin polybutene-1 films was studied using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and resolution of individual molecules was achieved. Polybutene-1 can exist in multiple crystal phases. The tetragonal phase, named form 2, is unstable, converting over time to the most prevalent phase, form I. Comparison of the images with Connolly surfaces enabled identification of which plane of which phase was observed in the AFM images. The samples were prepared in such a way that the bulk would be in the stable phase. It was found that this phase is also stable on the surface. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Winkel2000,
  author = {Winkel, A. K. and Miles, M. J.},
  title = {Surface crystallography of polybutene-1 by atomic force microscopy},
  journal = {Polymer},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {41},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2313--2317}
}
Wlodarczyk, A., Richardson, R.M., Ward, M.D., McCleverty, J.A., Hursthouse, M.H.B. & Coles, S.J. Complexes of tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borates alkylated on the 4-position of the pyrazolyl rings. X-ray crystal structure of molybdenum dicarbonyl nitrosyl tris(3,5-dimethyl-4-n-butylpyrazolyl)borate 1996 Polyhedron
Vol. 15(1), pp. 27-35 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Wlodarczyk1996,
  author = {Wlodarczyk, A. and Richardson, R. M. and Ward, M. D. and McCleverty, J. A. and Hursthouse, M. H. B. and Coles, S. J.},
  title = {Complexes of tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borates alkylated on the 4-position of the pyrazolyl rings. X-ray crystal structure of molybdenum dicarbonyl nitrosyl tris(3,5-dimethyl-4-n-butylpyrazolyl)borate},
  journal = {Polyhedron},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27-35}
}
Xu, W., Dong, M., Gersen, H., Rauls, E., Vazquez-Campos, S., Crego-Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Laegsgaard, E., Stensgaard, I., Linderoth, T.R. & Besenbacher, F. Influence of Alkyl Side Chains on Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Surface Nanostructures 2008 SMALL
Vol. 4(10), pp. 1620-1623 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000260201700007,
  author = {Xu, Wei and Dong, Mingdong and Gersen, Henkjan and Rauls, Eva and Vazquez-Campos, Socorro and Crego-Calama, Mercedes and Reinhoudt, David N. and Laegsgaard, Erik and Stensgaard, Ivan and Linderoth, Trolle R. and Besenbacher, Flemming},
  title = {Influence of Alkyl Side Chains on Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Surface Nanostructures},
  journal = {SMALL},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {4},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1620-1623},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200800377}
}
Xu, W., Dong, M., Gersen, H., Rauls, E., Vazquez-Campos, S., Crego-Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Stensgaard, I., Laegsgaard, E., Linderoth, T.R. & Besenbacher, F. Cyanuric acid and metamine on Au(111): Structure and energetics of hydrogen-bonded networks 2007 SMALL
Vol. 3(5), pp. 854-858 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000246557200022,
  author = {Xu, Wei and Dong, Mingdong and Gersen, Henkjan and Rauls, Eva and Vazquez-Campos, Socorro and Crego-Calama, Mercedes and Reinhoudt, David N. and Stensgaard, Ivan and Laegsgaard, Erik and Linderoth, Trolle R. and Besenbacher, Flemming},
  title = {Cyanuric acid and metamine on Au(111): Structure and energetics of hydrogen-bonded networks},
  journal = {SMALL},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {854-858},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200600407}
}
Xu, W., Dong, M., Vazquez-Campos, S., Gersen, H., Laegsgaard, E., Stensgaard, I., Crego-Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Linderoth, T.R. & Besenbacher, F. Enhanced stability of large molecules vacuum-sublimated onto Au(111) achieved by incorporation of coordinated Au-atoms 2007 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
Vol. 129(35), pp. 10624+ 
article DOI  
Abstract: The stability against fragmentation of a large organic compound (calix[4]arene dimelamine derivative) sublimated onto a Au(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. By coordinating the compound to gold atoms prior to deposition its stability can be signiflcantly enhanced, which suggests a new route toward improved processability of large organic building blocks for on-surface self-assembly of functional nanostructures.
BibTeX:
@article{ISI:000249208300005,
  author = {Xu, Wei and Dong, Mingdong and Vazquez-Campos, Socorro and Gersen, Henkjan and Laegsgaard, Erik and Stensgaard, Ivan and Crego-Calama, Mercedes and Reinhoudt, David N. and Linderoth, Trolle R. and Besenbacher, Flemming},
  title = {Enhanced stability of large molecules vacuum-sublimated onto Au(111) achieved by incorporation of coordinated Au-atoms},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {129},
  number = {35},
  pages = {10624+},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0725448}
}
Zhu, X.M., Boiko, N.I., Rebrov, E.A., Muzafarov, A.M., Kozlovsky, M.V., Richardson, R.M. & Shibaev, V.P. Carbosilane liquid crystalline dendrimers with terminal chiral mesogenic groups: structure and properties 2001 Liquid Crystals
Vol. 28(8), pp. 1259-1268 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Zhu2001,
  author = {Zhu, X. M. and Boiko, N. I. and Rebrov, E. A. and Muzafarov, A. M. and Kozlovsky, M. V. and Richardson, R. M. and Shibaev, V. P.},
  title = {Carbosilane liquid crystalline dendrimers with terminal chiral mesogenic groups: structure and properties},
  journal = {Liquid Crystals},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {28},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1259-1268}
}

Created by JabRef on 01/04/2009.